Terminology. Preparedness of the ski racer and sports uniform Technical training of ski racers
Technical training of cross-country skiers
Technical training of a skier is the process of purposefully studying and improving the technique of skiing. Mastering modern technology, taking into account individual characteristics and physical fitness, allows you to achieve high results in cross-country skiing. A high level of sports results requires constant and in-depth work on improving technique throughout the entire period of active skiing. Training plans for skiers from beginner to advanced athlete should provide for continuity of technique mastery. Even achieving the highest results does not mean that technical excellence has been achieved. In this case, the skier must continue to improve the technique of various elements and movements, and eliminate individual inaccuracies and errors.
In addition, over many years of training, one constantly has to adapt the technique to the changing conditions of competitions (more thorough preparation of routes, changes in their complexity, the release of new equipment), to improve the physical preparedness of skiers, etc. There are general and special technical training.
General technical training
During general technical training, a skier masters the skills and abilities necessary in life and sports activities, receives and deepens theoretical knowledge in the field of the fundamentals of physical exercise techniques. This type of training is aimed primarily at mastering such skills, abilities and knowledge that will contribute to the study of skiing techniques. All this is the basis for special technical training. The greater the stock of motor skills a skier has, the faster and more firmly he masters the modern technique of skiing in its various variants. This is achieved by using a wide range of various exercises of a general developmental nature and specially preparatory exercises aimed at studying the elements of technique and methods of skiing. Along with other exercises that develop coordination of movements, special attention should be paid to exercises that develop a sense of balance, as well as exercises that specifically target the vestibular apparatus. This greatly contributes to learning and further improving the technique of skiing.
Special technical training
In the process of special technical training, the athlete masters the technique of the chosen type of skiing: he studies the biomechanical patterns of skiing and masters the necessary motor skills, bringing them to a high degree of perfection, taking into account individual characteristics. Training and especially the improvement of technique should be considered in close connection with the development of physical qualities. Increasing the level of general and especially special physical training allows you to further improve your technique, raising it to a new level of development. There is also a feedback: new versions of technology require, in turn, an increase in the level of special physical training. In this case, it is necessary to use special exercises aimed at developing precisely those muscle groups that are more involved in the new element or at increasing the level of some qualities (swing speed, repulsion force, etc.).
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write this word correctly.
On a difficult track, the advantage was given not to the owners of the most powerful engines, but to the most TECHNICAL racers.
Kolosentsev immediately stood up with a BUSINESS look.
She considered herself a backward, UNLUCKY creature, doomed to live a dull, hard life.
Wait! - he interrupted me excitedly. “You are putting me in a HUMILIATING position.”
ROMANTIC irony, gothic parody, fighting street song, forms of small magazine-satirical (colloquial) genres, Shrovetide laughter are uniquely combined in Heine’s wonderful poetic satire.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Racers can be technical, that is, they have the technique and ability to drive a car.
Answer: technical.
Answer: technical
Rule: Task 5. Using paronyms
Paronyms are words that are similar in sound, but differ (partially or completely) in meaning.
Sometimes in our speech there are words that sound similar, but have different shades of meaning or are completely different in semantics. Among lexical errors caused by ignorance of the exact meaning of a word, the most common are errors associated with non-delimitation or confusion of paronyms.
The linguistic term “paronym”, Greek in origin, literally means “same name”: Greek. para- identical, onyma- Name.
Paronyms can be called both words of the same root and similar in sound, which, despite all their similarity, still differ in shades of meaning or denote different realities of reality.
“Analysis of the performance of task 5 showed that the difficulty for 40% of examinees is not only recognizing an error made when using paronyms, but also selecting a paronym appropriate to the context for editing an example with an error, which reveals the narrowness of the examinees’ vocabulary.” To help students select paronym words, a “Dictionary of Paronyms” is published annually. It is not for nothing that it is called a “dictionary”, since “Dictionaries” contain thousands of paronymous words. Minimum included in the dictionary will be used in CMMs, but learning paronyms for task 5 is not an end in itself. This knowledge will allow you to avoid numerous speech errors in written work.
Please note that the RESHUEGE assignments contain assignments from previous years, and they contain words not from this list.
Write the word in the form required in the sentence. This requirement is based on the fact that the rules for filling out forms indicate: if the short answer should be a word missing in a certain sentence, then this word must be written in the form (gender, number, case, etc.) in which it should stand in a sentence. Dictionary of Unified State Examination paronyms. Russian language. 2019 FIPI.
Subscription - subscriber
Artistic - artistic
Poor - distressed
Unresponsive - irresponsible
Swampy - swampy
Grateful - grateful
Charitable - beneficial
Former - former
Inhale - sigh
Age-old - eternal
Great - majestic
replenish - replenish - fill - fill - overfill - replenish
Hostile - hostile
Choosing - choosing
Benefit - profitability
Issue - release - transfer - distribution
Payment - payment - payment - payment
Pay - pay - pay - repay - pay
Grow - grow - grow
Growing - growing - growing
High - high-rise
Guaranteed - guaranteed
Harmonic - harmonious
Clay - clay
Annual - annual - annual
Pride - pride
Humanism - humanity
Humanistic - humanitarian - humane
Binary - double - dual - double - doubled - doubled
Effective - valid - effective
Busy - businesslike - efficient - efficient
Democratic - democratic
Dictation - dictate
Diplomat - diplomat
Diplomatic - diplomatic
Long - long
Kind - kind
Confidential - trusting
Rainy - rainy
Dramatic - dramatic
Friendly - friendly - friendly
Single - the only one
Desired - desirable
Cruel - tough
Life - worldly
Housing - residential
fence off - fence off - fence off - fence off - fence off
Lower - lower - lower
Pay - pay
Fill - fill - overfill
Filled - filled - overflowing
Initiator - instigator
Bestial - brutal
Sound - sonorous
Visual - spectator
Inventive - inventive
Informative - informational - information - awareness
Ironic - ironic
Artificial - artificial
Executive - performing
Outgoing - outgoing
Rocky - stony
Comfortable - comfortable
Equestrian - horse
Chunky - root - root
Bone - bone
Colorful - dyeing - dyed
Lacquered - lacquered
Ice - icy
Wooded - forest
Personal - personal
Microscopic - microscopic
Ice cream - freezing - frosty
put on - put on
Availability - cash
Reminder - mention
Ignorant - ignorant
Intolerable - impatient - intolerant
Unsuccessful - unlucky
Accused - Accused
Snippet - excerpt
To embrace - to embrace
limit - limit - limit
Call - response
Organic - organic
Selective - qualifying
Deviation - evasion
deviate - evade
Distinguish - differentiate
Difference - difference
Memorable - memorable
Endure - endure
Buying - buying - buying
Populist - popular
Honorable - respectful - honorable
Practical - practical
Provide - submit
Representative - representative
Recognized - grateful
Productive - grocery
Productive - production - productivity
Enlightening - enlightened
Journalistic - journalistic
Shy - scared
Irritability - irritability
Rhythmic - rhythmic
Romantic - romantic
Secretive - hidden
Vocabulary - verbal
Resistance - resistance
Neighboring - neighborly
Comparable - comparative
Stage - scenic
Technical - technical
Lucky - lucky
Humiliated - humiliating
Actual - factual
Predatory - predatory
Royal - royal - reigning
Whole - whole - whole
Economic - economical - economical
Aesthetic - aesthetic
Ethical - ethical
Effective - spectacular
Efficiency - effectiveness
Purposeful and systematic use of various means and methods of training leads to positive changes in the body of a skier-racer, which determine the level of his preparedness. Sports readiness is characterized by a whole complex of changes that occur under the influence of various types of training of a skier-racer: technical, physical, tactical, etc. Under the influence of loads, the fitness of individual organs and systems increases, the level of development of physical and volitional qualities increases, etc.
It is customary to judge the level of preparedness of a ski racer primarily by sporting results. However, in cross-country skiing, like in no other sport, when assessing the level of achievements (results), it is necessary to take into account a number of variable factors: terrain and sliding conditions, the scale of the competition and composition of participants, etc. High results in cross-country skiing (in time terms) cannot serve as an objective criterion of preparedness. Likewise, a victory, even with a significant lead over other racers, in small-scale competitions over competitors of insufficient qualifications does not indicate a high level of preparedness. Conversely, a slight loss in time to the strongest ski racers, even with a very low place (but with a good density of results), indicates a fairly high level of preparedness. Therefore, only a comprehensive ■assessment gives an objective idea of the level of preparedness in cross-country skiing. Here you should take into account: the results of competitions of different scale and composition, victories over famous athletes, data from medical, pedagogical control and self-control of the skier, the level of technical training and psychological stability, etc.
When assessing the readiness of a skier-racer, it is necessary to take into account his individual characteristics, positive changes in individual components of the load, the rate of increase in results and indicators of control tests, as well as existing shortcomings (for example, in the development of strength of individual muscle groups, gaps in technical training). Increasing the level of readiness of a ski racer is a long-term process, it occurs primarily under the influence of training loads
Of different nature, volume, intensity and direction. At the same time, increasing the level of preparedness is also effectively influenced by a number of other factors - a rational regime (combination) of work and rest, conditions for conducting classes and recovery after training loads, the activity and determination of skiers, etc.
The correct construction of the long-term training process ensures an annual increase in the level of sports readiness (with slight fluctuations in annual cycles - a decrease in the transition period). At the same time, a temporary decrease in preparedness in the transition period is a prerequisite for its further increase at new qualitative and quantitative levels in the next annual cycle. All this is connected with the biological laws of development, formation and temporary decline in sports readiness and is of a phase nature.
In the process of many years of training, with optimal planning of loads in accordance with the capabilities of the skier-racer, sports readiness can increase from year to year, throughout the entire time of active skiing (up to a certain age). In the past, there were cases when ski racers aged 35-36 years showed high results and even became national champions. Currently, there are many cases known where, even after the age of 30, an increase in sports readiness is still observed.
In the annual training cycle, preparedness gradually increases from the beginning of the preparatory period and reaches a high level by the time the competitive period begins, which allows the skier-racer to successfully start in various competitions. The level of preparedness increases at a particularly high rate during the winter stage of the preparatory period in November and December. This allows the skier to achieve athletic fitness by the start of the main competition (usually in January).
Sports form is a state of optimal readiness of a skier-racer, which allows him to successfully compete in competitions and show high athletic results. Sports uniform is a very dynamic state. The skier-racer increases the level of preparedness from start to start and by the time of the most important competitions of the season reaches the state of the highest sports form (the maximum level for a given season).
Skiers of any qualification with rational planning can achieve their level of sports fitness, however, athletes of various qualifications have qualitative and quantitative
The vital characteristics of this condition are far from the same. A skier-racer shows the highest results for a given level of sportsmanship. The process of development and formation of sports form consists of three phases: acquisition, preservation and decrease (temporary loss) of sports form. Ski racers usually reach their highest athletic form by February - March, when the most important competitions are planned. With the end of the competitive period, the preparedness of cross-country skiers noticeably decreases and increases in the next annual cycle (from the beginning of the preparatory period) at new qualitative and quantitative levels. Thus, the preparedness of skiers with an optimal increase in loads and their correct combination and planning increases from year to year, since each subsequent annual cycle takes place against the background of increased preparedness remaining from the previous cycle. The principal curve for increasing fitness in the annual training cycle of a cross-country skier is as follows: it gradually increases in the first two stages of the preparatory period, and in the third (winter) stage there is a more rapid rise. By the end of this stage (by January), the skier reaches a level of fitness (sports shape) that allows him to successfully compete in competitions. Further, during the competitive period, the level of preparedness continues to increase and reaches its peak for the main competitions of the season. In the transition period there follows a steep decline in the skier's preparedness. The cycle then repeats at a higher level. But this is only a fundamental curve; in fact, preparedness undergoes wave-like changes, which is due to the need to increase training loads before competitions (developmental cycles), and then reduce them after competitions (restorative or maintenance cycles).
Due to the laws in the development of fitness, a skier-racer cannot be in the highest sports shape for a long time. However, through targeted exposure to training loads, it is possible to temporarily reduce the peak of athletic fitness, and then again raise performance to its highest point for the next most important competitions. There can usually be no more than 2-3 such peaks in sports form during a competitive season.
Sports form is characterized by various indicators in physical, technical, moral-volitional, etc. preparedness. In this state, the following is observed: faster absorption of the body; ability to quickly switch from one
One level of activity to another (change the pace, rhythm, speed of movement, etc.); accelerated recovery processes both between individual repetitions or exercises, and between classes; high stability and variability of skiing techniques under changing external conditions (terrain, sliding, etc.); improving the specific perceptions of the skier (“feelings of skis”, “sense of speed and pace”, etc.); increasing the range of volitional efforts (the ability to “endure” - endure long-term and intense loads during training and participation in competitions, etc.). During the period of being in sports uniform, medical monitoring data also improves. When assessing a skier’s state of readiness, it is necessary to rely on the results of control tests and functional tests in conditions as close as possible to the specific activity of the skier-racer.
The length of time a skier-racer remains in a state of increased preparedness (in “regular” sports form) is very individual and largely depends on the correct construction and management of all training during the annual cycle. Methodically competent alternation of load and rest, their compliance with the athlete’s capabilities, wave-like changes in load, the use of adequate means and methods of preparation, the use of various cycle options, adherence to the regime, the use of various means of recovery and much more ensure the preservation and improvement of sports form, sometimes for quite a long time. Regular participation in competitions at optimal intervals between them, in turn, stimulates the achievement of high results and longer-term maintenance of sports shape. The strongest skiers, with many years of experience in achieving and managing their fitness levels, can maintain high athletic fitness throughout the entire winter season and show high results from late December to early April. The level of sports form and its further increase are closely related to the functional state of the central nervous system. Rational planning of the volume and intensity of training loads, duration and nature of rest, constant medical and pedagogical control allow athletes and coaches to purposefully manage the performance of the central nervous system. This allows the skier to increase his athletic performance precisely on the day of the most important competitions and achieve a greater or lesser increase in it for other competitions, depending on their significance. At the same time, skiers may slightly reduce their preparedness between
responsible competitions. This reduction is under the control of the athlete; it is manageable by planning the load and rest.
Long-term training sessions with large volume and intensity loads, against the background of under-recovery, can lead to overload of the nervous system and fatigue. In such cases, timely rest for 3-7 days (depending on fatigue) or a reduction in load can usually eliminate adverse events. If appropriate adjustments to the training process are not made in a timely manner and the skier continues training with heavy loads, then overwork may develop into overtraining. This condition requires medical intervention and stopping activities for several days.
Classes after retraining and treatment are resumed only with the permission of a doctor. As a rule, the first subjective symptoms of overtraining are: reluctance to train, insomnia, loss of appetite, irritability, headaches, etc. Objectively, this condition is characterized by a noticeable decrease in results, weight loss, deterioration in coordination of movements, etc., as well as by medical monitoring data.
Let's get straight to the point.
The beginning of time
We've all heard at some point that professional racers start their careers with karting, however, this is not always the case. There is no perfect recipe for becoming a pilot.
Like any other, a racer must go a long way from theoretical studies and practice to his first trophy.
Vitaly Petrov, editor-in-chief of our magazine, pilot of the SMP Racing program in the FIA WEC championship and
“There have been cases when a driver, for example, was involved in motocross, then switched to karting and he was able to drive much better. There were absolutely opposite cases, for example, when a teenager was driving karting and felt that he was not very good at it, and tried to move to the rally series, and there he had excellent results. In Russia, by the way, I think rallying is easier, because there are more tracks prepared for this type of motorsport than for karting. We should also not forget about the all-round development of the child. Karting can be practiced from the age of 5-6, but in addition to it, it is necessary to take care of the child’s other sporting interests. For example, football or tennis, no matter big or small, in any case, it will greatly help him in car racing in the future.”
After performing in the stages for beginners and amateurs, the young racer can move up to professional karting, but on the condition that he shows excellent results in amateur races.
In total there are 4 classes of karting in the Russian Federation. All of them are controlled by the Russian Motorsport Federation.
The youngest league is “Pioneer”. Racers from 8 to 12 years old take part in it. Then comes “Cadet”: the age of participants is from 10 to 15 years. The third step in professional karting is performance in the “National-Junior” class. Unlike the previous two, the car’s engine capacity has been increased from 50 to 125 cubic centimeters. The minimum age of the participant is 13 years. The top of the Russian karting league is the “National” class. Riders age: from 16 years.
In parallel with his performance in Russia, the teenager can begin his career as a racer in Europe, where there are countless karting championships. The most important among them is the European Championship. A driver whose name is fixed on the top lines of the standings will most likely be able to move on: to a formula or touring car series of motorsport competitions.
Where does the “Formula” begin?
Becoming a Formula 1 champion is the dream of any teenager starting their motorsport journey. But, unfortunately, talent alone is not enough for the main world champion title. You also need, at a minimum, luck and a large amount of financial resources.
In addition to Formula 1, there are many other classes of open-wheel car competition. The youngest series is Formula Renault 1.6. Named after the 1.6 liter Renault engine used in this class. It is worth noting that there is no international championship in this series; all competitions take place within one country, for example, Germany or Belgium.
A little higher is Formula 4. As in Formula Renault 1.6, young pilots starting from the age of 14 take part in the competition. The difference between these two series is a slight discrepancy in the indicators in the technical regulations of the car.
Konstantin Tereshchenko, ELMS series racer
“Practice is an important aspect of this sport. We need to make the most of this opportunity, trying to be faster with each lap.”
On the way to big prizes
Driver's advice: “The better the results of a young driver in the lower series of motorsport, the greater his chances of knocking on the door and getting into the best team in the peloton in the older classes.” - noted our editor-in-chief Vitaly Petrov.
After the first formula classes described above, comes Formula 3. In 2017, the champion of this series was Lando Norris, now a test driver and reserve driver for McLaren in the Formula 1 series. And in 2016, the championship title was awarded to Lance Stroll, Sergei Sirotkin’s teammate at Williams in the Formula 1 championship this season. Sergei himself also participated in Formula 3 in 2012 and scored 166 points in the individual competition and finished the season in fifth place.
Above Formula 3 in the open-wheel racing class is the GP3 championship. This is one of the series after which a driver can become a Formula 1 combat pilot, as happened with Daniil Kvyat in 2013. The technical regulations for the cars are the same. All cars use the same engine, gearbox, brakes and chassis.
The penultimate step on the road to F1 is Formula 2. A successful performance here guarantees at least a place as a test driver in the “royal races”. Artem Markelov, a professional Russian racing driver who showed excellent results in the last F2 season and won the title of vice-champion of the series, while his Russian Time team took the championship constructors' championship, became a test driver for Renault in 2017, which means that the Russian is already one foot is in F1.
It is also worth noting that Charles Leclerc became the Formula 2 champion in 2017. After the victory, the driver was offered a place as a combat pilot in the Alfa Romeo Sauber F1 team. After some negotiations, Leclerc agreed.
The electric Formula E now exists as a separate class. The main difference of the series is the complete absence of internal combustion engines and the use of electric motors. Racers enter this series after GP3 or Formula 2. F1 racers can also join this series. For example, Sebastian Buemi, who occupied the place of Red Bull test driver, is now competing in the electric formula.
Indy Car and Racer's Triple Crown
In addition to the European Formula, there is also the IndyCar class - a series of open-wheel car racing in North America. The drivers in this series are usually those who have done well in America's lighter class, Indy Lights, or those who have done well in Europe. The most legendary stage of the championship is the Indianapolis 500.
In the entire history of motorsport, there is only one driver who managed to try on the Triple Crown title - Graham Hill. To win this title, a driver must win three races: the Monaco Grand Prix (F1), the 24 Hours of Le Mans (WEC) and the Indianapolis 500 (Indy Car). Often, in pursuit of the “crown,” after winning the American series, drivers try to move to Formula 1 and then to the WEC. For example, Juan Pablo Montoya, who won the Indy 500 in 2000, made his F1 debut the following season and 2 seasons later, in 2003, he was able to win the Monaco stage. However, Juan never succeeded in becoming a Triple Crown pilot.
Transfer to Formula 1 from DTM
DTM (Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters) is the German Touring Car Championship. Competitions are held in cars that look like regular cars. But in fact, the only external parts left on the car from an ordinary body car are the headlights. All other body panels are lightweight and are attached to the space frame with special latches so that in the event of a breakdown, mechanics can easily access the necessary units.
To ensure that this class does not become a race for budgets, the series leaders have established strict competition regulations. It consists of limiting “consumables”, such as tires, as well as regulating the number of training and tests outside of racing (no more than 20 days per year). In short, the DTM Touring Car Championship has some similarities with Formula 1.
It is also not uncommon for drivers to move from DTM to Formula 1. For example, Pascal Wehrlein, the 2015 DTM champion, already signed a contract with the Manor Racing team in 2016 and became a combat F1 pilot, where he showed not very good results.
"Queen of Motorsport"
As you already understand, the main international auto racing series is Formula 1. In each season, 10 teams take part, each of which has 2 combat pilots. Our editor-in-chief, Vitaly Petrov, became the first Russian F1 pilot. At the moment, there is one Russian pilot in the “royal races”, Sergey Sirotkin in Williams and two test drivers, Artem Markelov in Renault and Daniil Kvyat in Ferrari.
In addition to the formal championships that we discussed today, there are many other racing series that we will discuss in the next part of our new column “Motorsport Guide: A Racing Driver’s Career in 5 Minutes.”
We would like to thank you for your assistance in creating this material.
How long has it been since you felt the rush of adrenaline in your blood? Often the bustle of the “concrete jungle” quickly gets boring. Just think about the time spent in traffic jams, which motorists cannot get back. You can fully experience the free sensations by switching to a 2-wheeled vehicle. Next, I would like to consider one of these “options” - the budget moped Racer Trophy 110. This is a fast, practical moped with an interesting design at an affordable price. It is quite versatile, comfortable driving is possible both on asphalt and dirt roads. This model can safely be considered a classic, as evidenced by its appearance.
Due to the fact that the Racer 110 is a very common and popular model, getting spare parts for the Racer moped is not difficult. The market is overflowing with these products, so it won’t be a problem to find the right technical component. Let's find out what the Racer Trophy 110 can boast of? – let’s move on to the technical characteristics of the Racer moped.
Specifications
A 4-stroke gasoline engine with one cylinder is installed. Its working volume is 107 cc. The moped can accelerate to 80 km/h. At the same time, the engine power is 7.1 hp. The forces from the engine are transmitted to the drive wheel through a metal chain. Fuel injection is carried out through the carburetor of the Racer moped, which is manufactured in Taiwan. The main power unit starts working after acting on the electric or kick starter. Mechanical gearbox, 4 gears.
The engine temperature is stable throughout the trip due to the air cooling system. The clutch is in a special oil bath, multi-disc. The tank's gas tank capacity is 6 liters. The main overall dimensions of the moped are as follows: height - 1080 mm; width - 770 mm; length - 1920 mm. The distance between the axles is 1230 mm. Equipment weight 82 kg. The front and rear disc sizes are as follows: 2.50-17 / 2.75-17.
Suspension system
On universal, classic mopeds, the suspension plays an important role. After all, the iron horse is often used in rural or rural conditions. That is, it is constantly used on dirt roads and off-road. At the same time, performing various practical tasks that confront him. In general, the suspension works well, absorbs reliably and confidently. At the rear of the Racer there are two hydraulic shock absorbers. A telescopic fork is installed at the front.
Design
As already mentioned, the moped is made in a classic style. The suspension, frame, wheels and plastic elements are harmoniously combined into one. For safe riding, power arches are provided that will protect your legs from damage if you fall. There is a round headlight at the front. It reliably illuminates the road at night thanks to a special lens system.
The dashboard contains all the necessary elements, switches and buttons. The fuel tank has an elongated shape and smoothly “passes” to the seat. By the way, the seat can accommodate two people. The filler layer is sufficient, making the ride comfortable. There is a trunk at the rear for light loads, and a brake light is also located there.
