Media "sport-express internet" founder of JSC "sport-express" editor-in-chief Maksimov M. a
Lake Placid (USA)
The competition in the small town of Lake Placid, located in upstate New York near the Canadian border, was the first Winter Olympics outside of Europe and perhaps the most unsuccessful of all the pre-war Games. European athletes in those days were already reluctant to travel overseas, and here their travel opportunities deteriorated sharply due to the Great Depression, which was raging on both sides of the Atlantic.
Significantly fewer Olympians took to the start line in February 1932 than in St. Moritz 1928. Moreover, more than half of the participants in the American White Games represented the USA and Canada. As a result, the Norwegians failed to win the team competition for the first time, and the palm went to the hosts.
Venue: Lake Placid, USA
February 4 - 15, 1932
Number of participating countries - 17
Number of participating athletes - 252 (21 women, 231 men)
Sets of medals - 14
Overall Winner - USA
Three main characters of the Games according to SE
Eddie Egan (USA),
bobsled
Irving Yaffe (USA),
skating
Karl Schäfer (Austria),
figure skating
FOUNDER OF THE DYNASTY
SUMMER GOLD TO WINTER
The organizing committee also experienced great financial problems during the preparation for the Games. The authorities of Lake Placid, having beaten six other American municipalities in the fight for the 1932 Olympics, went into debt, but the construction of the bobsleigh track was still completed only thanks to the fact that the head of the organizing committee, Godfrey Dewey, donated personal property for this project.
In addition, during the Games, local authorities had to spend money on delivering snow by train from Canada. There were big problems with snow and ice in Lake Placid due to the warm winter: the ski marathon was held in the rain among puddles and stones sticking out from under the snow, and the bobsled races were completed only a day after the closing ceremony of the Games.
By the way, for the first time at the Winter Games, bobsled crews consisted of four people (previously, a bob could carry up to five athletes). In addition, the two-bean competition made its debut in the Olympic program. Gold medals were won by the Stevens brothers, who managed to get ahead of competitors from Switzerland thanks to the fact that before the start they warmed up their runners with a blowtorch. In the future, this method of preparing for a race will be prohibited. As part of the American four, Eddie Egan, winner of the boxing tournament in the 79.4 kg weight category at the 1920 Olympics, became the champion. Egan is still the only winner of Olympic gold in both summer and winter sports in history.
The winners of the previous two Winter Olympics, the Norwegians, brought only 19 athletes to Lake Placid, and more than half of them returned home with medals. In ski jumping and Nordic combined, representatives of Norway occupied the entire podium, despite the fact that their former compatriots also competed for some other teams. Johan Gröttumsbroten became a three-time Olympic champion at the 1932 Olympics.
SWIMMER AT THE RINK
Despite all the oddities of the 1932 Lake Placid competition, it's unfair to paint it all black. Many significant events for the history of the Olympics took place at these Games. Firstly, live radio reports from the stadium were organized (two companies did this at once - NBC and CBS). Secondly, the unofficial program included speed skating races for women, who until then had been allowed to participate in the Winter Games only as figure skaters. Thirdly, figure skating competitions and several hockey matches were held on an indoor skating rink for the first time. And finally, during medal award ceremonies, multi-level pedestals finally came into Olympic use.
The first stepped podiums appeared at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, then the idea was picked up by the organizers of the 1930 British Empire Games in Ontario, Canada, and during Lake Placid 1932 such pedestals were already used on a regular basis.
It was precisely this structure that Austrian Karl Schäfer climbed after the competition of male figure skaters, interrupting the hegemony of the Swede Yillis Grafström in this discipline. 38-year-old Grafström came to the Games as a three-time Olympic champion - in 12 years he had not lost a single major competition. But at the 1932 Olympics, the guru unexpectedly failed to perform the required figures (according to one version, due to a collision with a gaping photographer), which was immediately taken advantage of by the 22-year-old world figure skating champion and Austrian swimming champion Karl Schäfer, who became one of the few heroes of the American Olympics from Europe.
But in the figure skating competition there were no sensations: Norwegian Sonja Henie became a two-time Olympic champion, she was put in first place by all seven judges.
The fate of the bronze medalist of the Lake Placid 1932 women's tournament, American Maribel Vinson-Owen, was tragic. In 1960, her two daughters would take part in the Olympics in Squaw Valley, and a year later the whole family, along with the US figure skating team, would die in a plane crash near Brussels.
Another participant in the figure skating tournament at the 1932 Olympics, Briton Molly Phillips, became famous for becoming the first ever female flag bearer for her country at the opening ceremony of the Winter Games. This happened because the entire British delegation consisted of four female skaters. Phillips, 24, was followed by 13-year-old Joan Dix, and 11-year-olds Megan Taylor and Cecilia College. The latter is still considered the youngest participant in the Winter Games in history.
Oleg SHAMONAYEV
FIGURES AND FACTS
17 teams took part in the III Games; fewer in the entire history of the White Olympics were only in Chamonix in 1924. According to the official estimate, expenses for the III Winter Games amounted to just over $1 million.
Only 14 sets of medals were awarded at Lake Placid 1932, repeating the worst result in the history of the Games, which was shown four years earlier in St. Moritz.
And only 7 sports - generally the lowest result in the history of the Olympics.
For the first and only time in the entire pre-war era, Norway did not win the medal standings. The first place was taken by the hosts, the Americans, whose entry consisted of 64 people (the largest in the first three White Olympics). Against the backdrop of the economic crisis, the Europeans were represented modestly: the Norwegians had only 19 participants. And in general, only 42 percent of athletes were non-North Americans.
All skiing events (4 sets of medals) were again won by representatives of Northern Europe (2 - Norway, 1 each - Sweden and Finland). In turn, the Americans took all the gold medals in bobsleigh (2) and speed skating (4).
The main winners of the Games were American speed skaters Irving Jaffe and Jack Shea, who won two gold medals each in the sprint (500 m and 1500 m) and stayer (5000 m and 10,000 m) distances, respectively. This was largely due to the fact that for the only time in the history of the Olympics the competition was held from a general start.
Norwegian double athlete Johan Grettumsbroten became a three-time Olympic champion, Sonja Henie (Norway) and French figure skaters Pierre and Andre Brunet (formerly Joly) became two-time Olympic champions.
John Heaton won bronze in bobsleigh, having won silver in skeleton in 1928. Interestingly, the American would win his last medal (silver bobsled) 16 years later, in 1948. And again, like the first, in St. Moritz.
Also in bobsleigh, but already in the “fours”, gold was won by the accelerating Eddie Egan (USA), who in 1920 in Antwerp became the winner of the Summer Games in boxing among light heavyweights. And another member of the golden crew, Jay O'Brien, became the oldest Olympic champion in the history of the White Olympics. At the time of launch, he was 49 years old without 7 days.
The youngest participant in the history of the Winter Games was Cecilia College from Great Britain - on the opening day of the Olympics she turned 11 years 73 days old. In the figure skating competition, she took 8th place among 15 participants, and at the next Games (German Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936) she won silver.
The hockey tournament, held for the first time on an indoor skating rink, was won by Canada for the third time in a row. Unlike previous Games, its main rivals - the Americans - were represented among the 4 participating teams. As a result, the confrontation of 2 matches (games were played in 2 rounds) ended in two overtimes, in the first of which the Canadians scored the decisive goal of the tournament (2:1). Moreover, the second match ended in a draw (2:2) after 6 periods. Thanks to such a small number of teams, their best results were shown by Germany, which took bronze (repeated the achievement in 1976) and Poland, which took the last 4th place.
The Games brought together 1,048 participants from 37 countries, of which 127 were women. The program included 124 types of competitions in 17 sports. Football was excluded from the program and sports shooting was reintroduced.
The Olympics took place in well-equipped sports facilities. For the first time, photo timing was tested at athletics competitions, and an Olympic village was built to accommodate the participants - 700 one-story houses. Various training grounds, gyms, and a library were prepared on the territory of the Olympic Village. The territory was surrounded by a chain-link fence and was guarded by specially trained cowboys. In such conditions, athletes prepared for competitions together, rested, and communicated with each other.
These Games are sometimes called the “Olympiad of Records”, as they showed quite high sports results: in 41 numbers of the program, Olympic records were set, including 18 world ones. In men's swimming, American athletes suffered an unexpected and crushing defeat against Japanese swimmers.
At the Olympics in the NKZ, the athletes of the USA took precedence, winning in terms of the number of medals won (41, 32, 30), the Italian team was in second place (12, 12, 12), and France was in third (10, 5, 4).
Games of the XI Olympiad (1936, Berlin, Germany)
4,066 athletes, including 328 women, came to the Games from 49 countries. They competed in 142 program numbers in 22 sports.
The Games program included competitions in basketball, handball, kayaking and canoeing. At previous games, rope climbing was included in the program of men's gymnastics competitions, but starting from this Olympics it was completely excluded from the program.
In the competitive part of the Games, high results were shown: 14 world records were set, the American athlete K. Johnson overcame the 2-meter mark in the high jump - 2.03, for the first time at the Olympic Games the American D. Owen long jumped more than 8 m - 8 ,06, and the Japanese N. Tajima reached the 16-meter mark in the triple jump. The hero of the Games was the US athlete D. Owen, who won with Olympic records in the 100 and 200 m running and long jump. He won his fourth gold medal in the 4 x 100 m relay race. Currently, the most prestigious international prize in the sports world, the Jesse Owens Prize, has been established. This prize is awarded to “...the most outstanding athlete of the year, who has the same highest human and sporting qualities of a great Olympian...”.
In terms of medals won, the German team was in first place (33, 26, 30), the USA was in second (24, 20, 12), and Hungary was in third (10, 1, 5).
These Games clearly demonstrated the contradiction between the proclaimed humane Olympic principles and the fascist ideology of Germany. By decision of the IOC session in 1932, Berlin was chosen as the city of the Games. And a year later, the Nazis came to power in Germany, who clearly wanted to use the 36 Olympics for their own propaganda purposes and, in particular, to demonstrate to the world the notorious superiority of the Aryan race over other nationalities. A conference held in June 1936 in Paris in defense of the ideas of the Olympic movement recognized the holding of the Games of the XI Olympiad in Nazi Germany as incompatible with Olympic principles and called for organizing the People's Olympics in Barcelona, which, however, did not take place due to the fascist rebellion that began in Spain. In addition, the IOC, led by then President Bayeux-Latour, supported the holding of the Games in Berlin. The IOC admitted the error of its position only in 1956. The IOC bulletin said: “At these Games (1936), a strong spirit of militarism and Nazism dominated.”
In Berlin, the delivery of a torch lit by the rays of the Sun in ancient Olympia to the Games by relay was introduced into the ritual for the first time.
The Olympics were held in the midst of the Great Depression. Nobody really fought for its holding - only the United States submitted an application, where the X Olympic Games were held from July 30 to August 14, 1932 in the city of Los Angeles. Los Angeles is the main city of the state of California, the largest industrial center of the country, one of the most important ports on the Pacific Ocean. At the beginning of the century it was a small provincial town, and by 1932 its population had reached almost two million and the city stretched in all directions - in the east to the very mountains and to the sea in the west.
The competition locations were quite scattered; in fact, the Olympic competitions took place at various points along the Californian coast. A wonderful rowing pool was located in Long Beach, cyclists were guests of the city of Pasadena and competed at the famous Rosebowl stadium, rebuilt as a velodrome, which was immediately destroyed after the Games.
But in terms of organization and comfort created for athletes, the X Olympics had no precedent and therefore became an example in many ways. The city of Los Angeles was decorated for the Games with specially designed posters, banners, and flags. A symbolic panel towered over the entrance to the Olympic stadium.
37 countries sent 1,048 athletes to Los Angeles. In terms of the number of participants, this was approximately two and a half times less than at the previous Olympics. Delegations from many countries were unable to arrive due to financial difficulties. Most European states limited themselves to sending only those athletes whose success could be counted on to the United States. For the first time, athletes from China and Colombia took part in the Games. The program of the Games was the same as in Amsterdam, only instead of football there were archery competitions.
There were no official mascots for the games, but there was an unofficial one: a terrier named Smokey, born in the Olympic Village shortly before the games. Journalists dubbed him the most attractive mascot in history.
The opening of the Games took place at the Colosseum stadium, reminiscent of the arenas of Ancient Rome. This monumental colossus with 105 thousand seats, built in the ancient spirit, was crowned with a tower, on the top of which the Olympic flame was lit on July 31, 1932. The opening ceremony turned into a grand celebration of sports and music. All the musical instruments and all the choristers in California were assembled that day for the Olympic choir, not counting the fanfare players located in the four corners of the stadium.
The text of the Olympic oath was read by the bronze medalist of the IX Olympics in epee fencing, US Navy Lieutenant George Calnan. A little less than a year later, he died tragically in the Akron airship disaster. However, US President Herbert Hoover did not attend the Olympics, becoming the first head of state not to attend the Olympic Games while hosting them in his country.
In Los Angeles, for the first time, Games participants lived in the Olympic Village. A special complex of small prefabricated houses measuring 7.3 x 3 m were placed on a golf course twenty kilometers from the city and surrounded by a mesh fence. In style, the Olympic village was designed in a Spanish colonial spirit - all buildings were decorated with plaster imitating marble. Residential houses were located in an oval around large buildings that housed restaurants, games rooms, and libraries. The village was guarded by cowboys on horseback. Interestingly, places in the Olympic village were reserved only for men, while women stayed in a hotel. After the end of the Olympics, all the houses were dismantled and sold.
The competitions of the 1932 Games were distinguished by a high sports level: 90 Olympic records were set in 43 program numbers, 18 of which exceeded world records. In athletics, men set 54 world and Olympic records, and women in all six events included in the program showed 13 results above Olympic records, of which 7 were above world records. The winners of the Games in the unofficial team competition were: USA (103 medals, 41 of them gold), Italy (36 medals, 12 gold) and France (19 medals, 10 gold).
At the same time, the level of judging did not correspond to the high skill of the athletes. Judging errors at this Olympics were so frequent that one of the journalists called the Games in Los Angeles “the Olympics of judicial errors and miscalculations.” For example, during a discus throwing competition, the discus throwing judges were so carried away by the pole vaulting competition that they forgot about their duties. Frenchman Paul Winter sent the projectile 50 m away, but the judges did not notice where the disc fell and suggested repeating the throw. The French discus thrower made an extra throw, but was unable to repeat his best result, and American John Anderson was declared the winner (49.49). The Frenchman did not even receive a bronze medal.
In the final of the 3000m steeplechase, a unique incident in the history of the Olympic Games occurred - the lap counter was absent from his post and in his absence the runners had to run an extra lap. Volmari Iso-Hollo from Finland (bib 117), despite the judges' error, still won the competition (10:33.4).
The American black Eddie Tolan won the 100-meter race, beating his compatriot Ralph Metcalf by a chest. Both showed the same time - 10.3 seconds, which was better than the world record. Tolan repeated his success in the 200m, although this distance undoubtedly should have been won by the more powerful Metcalf, who was the victim of an error in measuring the length of his track: in fact, he ran 202 meters (the judges, due to an oversight, placed Metcalf on the relay starting mark) . The assumptions made then on this matter were proven only in 1982 after studying newsreel footage, but naturally, they did not begin to revise the results years ago.
Fights often broke out on sports fields and in swimming pools. After the water polo match between Brazil and Germany (the match ended with a score of 7:3 in favor of the Germans), the Brazilians attacked the Hungarian referee, believing that he was biased. During the competition, the champion of the 1928 Games, Swiss gymnast Georges Mize, was loudly indignant at the decisions of the judges that were incorrect, from his point of view. An exceptional case occurred at an equestrian competition - not a single team was able to receive the Grand Prize of Nations due to mistakes made, incorrect passage of the course, falls, etc.
Another scandal that emerged many years after the Olympics. The winner in the 100-meter race with a new world record of 11.9 seconds, the representative of Poland, Stanislawa Walasiewicz, turned out to be a hermaphrodite and should not have participated in the competition at all. This became known only after her death in 1980. In the photo S. Valasevich is on the podium.
By the way, this was another innovation at this Olympics: a three-step podium for medalists (until 1932, the podium was not occupied by Olympic medalists, but by officials and honored guests who presented awards). Also, for the first time, national anthems were performed in honor of the gold medalists, and the flags of the winning countries were raised on the flagpole.
Japanese prodigy swimmers surprised the world: the winner of the 100-meter freestyle, Yasuya Miyazaki, was only fifteen years old, and the winner of the 1500-meter freestyle, Kusuo Kitamura (pictured on the right), was 14 years 309 days old. This little boy swam the distance in 19 minutes 12.4 seconds - a result that could only be beaten 20 years later (!). He is still the youngest champion in men's Olympic swimming history.
But still the star of the first magnitude in Los Angeles was the magnificent, versatile American athlete Mildred (Babe) Didrikson. It was she who was recognized as the Hero of the 1932 Olympics. It should be noted that Mildred wanted to participate in 5 types of the women's Olympic program, in which she had good results, but she was only allowed in 3.
She won the 80m hurdles and javelin throw, setting two world and Olympic records in the process, and won a silver medal in the high jump, also improving the world record. The judges considered her second due to a technique that was unconventional at the time (a fish jump head first), and Babe also lost the championship to her teammate Jean Shiley in attempts. After the Olympics, she showed her talent in golf tournaments.
In 1932, in Los Angeles, timing of all competitions was carried out for the first time. The Omega watch company received the honorary title of the first official timekeeper of the Olympic Games. Until 1932, Olympic stopwatches recorded results with an accuracy of 0.5 seconds. The Omega 1130 model used in Los Angeles improved this figure to 0.1 seconds. In Los Angeles, 17 world records were set, many of which differed from previous achievements by only a few tenths of a second.
The organizers of the Games also took care of the press representatives: such an innovation as the teletype made their work much easier; journalists were also provided with a special box, where visitors were allowed only with accreditation.
The X Olympic Games also became one of the most radical. Previously, the duration of the competition was at least 79 days, and sometimes stretched for many months, but in Los Angeles they managed to hold the Games in just 16 days. Since then, their duration has been 15-18 days.
To be continued...
They were held in Lake Placid, America, from February 4 to February 15, 1932. Lake Placid is a climatic resort in the northeastern United States (New York State), located in the Adirondack Mountains, on the shores of Lake Placid, north of Albany.
These are the first Winter Games to be held in North America.
Select city
At the beginning of 1928, a group of American specialists traveled abroad to a number of European countries in order to study the experience of organizing and holding the Winter Olympic Games. They visited France (Chamonix, the host city of the 1st Winter Olympic Games) and several resort towns in Switzerland, which were previously contenders for the title of host city of the Games, as well as St. Moritz, the capital of the 2nd Winter Olympic Games.
After which a detailed analysis was carried out:
- condition of sports facilities;
- training of athletes from countries participating in the Games;
- work of the Organizing Committees;
- financial expenses;
- safety and health issues;
- propaganda work;
- transport infrastructure;
- climatic conditions;
- landscape features.
A joint meeting of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce and members of the Organizing Committee was held. On March 23, 1928, it was decided to begin preparations for the III Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid. Since in this small town (population - 4000 people) there were already some sports facilities where it was possible to organize competitions in speed skating, skiing, ski jumping, figure skating and ice hockey. The most difficult issue at that time was the accommodation of honored guests and representatives of official delegations of the participating countries.
Subsequently, a lot of time was devoted to approving the official budget to ensure the holding of the Games.
On January 14, 1929, the IOC approved the decision - Lake Placid, USA - organizer of the III Winter Olympic Games. But after the presented estimate, the question again arose about the possibility of choosing a new host city and even a new host country for the Games.
List of applicants:
Yosemite Valley, California;
Lake Tahoe, California;
Bear Mountain, New York;
Duluth, Minnesota;
Minneapolis, Minnesota;
Denver, Colorado;
Montreal, Canada;
Oslo, Norway.
The preliminary budget of 1929 included the following expense items: construction of sports facilities, production of medals, diplomas and badges, propaganda and agitation, circulation of printed materials, cultural program, organizational expenses, fund reserve. The total amount is $200,000.
Interim budget January 15, 1931 additional expenditure items: construction of the indoor Olympic arena and utilities, transport, medical care. The total amount, taking into account the cost items of the preliminary budget, is $1,050,000.
The final budget was made on February 26, 1931. In general, the budget took into account all expenditure items of the preliminary and interim budgets, but the total amount was $375,000.
After a detailed assessment, on April 10, 1929, the IOC finally approved the decision - Lake Placid, USA - organizer of the III Winter Olympic Games.
Participating countries
Teams from 17 countries came to Lake Placid: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, USA.
Traveling across the ocean during the Great Depression was beyond the means of most European athletes. Therefore, the total number of participants was even less than at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix. Due to the high cost of travel, more than half of the competing athletes represented the United States and neighboring Canada, and countries traditionally strong in winter sports sent small delegations to Lake Placid (for example, only 7 athletes competed from Finland).
This circumstance could not but affect both the number of competitions (the skeleton was removed from the Games program) and the number of competitors in each tournament. Let's say in a hockey tournament there were only four contenders for medals: Canada, USA, Germany and Poland.
Kinds of sports
Main types(in parentheses - the number of medals up for grabs): bobsleigh (2), speed skating (4), Nordic combined (1), cross-country skiing (2), ski jumping (1), figure skating (3), ice hockey (1 ).
Demonstration views: sled dog racing and curling, which returned to the Games program and replaced the military patrol competitions that had left them.
Due to a lack of athletes, skeleton was absent from the 1932 Winter Games.
The opening ceremony
On February 4, 1932, at 10 a.m., the opening ceremony of the III Winter Olympic Games took place. This performance began with a parade of athletes - representatives of 17 countries.
Parade of participating countries. Team USA
The action took place at the Olympic Stadium, the ice surface of which was in excellent condition, and the four-hundred-meter running tracks shimmered with bright light. Above the stands was the emblem of the Games - “Snowflake”, made of ice. In the western wing of the stadium there was a covered stand, consisting of several sectors, which was intended for honored guests and officials and a place where the orchestra was located. Additional open stands in the east wing without seating were intended for thousands of spectators. Behind them were three high flagpoles, on which the state flags of the countries whose athletes became champions or medalists of the Games were subsequently raised.
In the northern part of the Olympic Stadium, a large poster of the III Winter Olympic Games (one of the symbols of the Games) was installed, and from it the national flags of 17 participating countries were placed on flagpoles in a circle.
Loudspeakers were placed around the perimeter of the stadium so that every spectator had the opportunity to hear the announcement being broadcast.
After the parade of athletes, the President of the United States gave a solemn speech Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
After this, music began to play, fireworks appeared in the sky, and a large, white Olympic flag, with its five intertwined rings, symbolizing the unity of the five continents during the Games, was raised on the flagpole.
Participant of the III Winter Olympic Games - American speed skater Jack Shea took the Olympic oath.
Jack Shea takes the Olympic Oath
From this moment on, the III Winter Olympic Games began to be considered officially open.
Closing ceremony
On February 13, 1932, after the final hockey match between Canada and the United States, in accordance with the official program, a solemn ceremony of awarding the winners and prize-winners of the III Winter Olympic Games took place in the central arena of the Olympic Ice Stadium in the presence of 6,000 spectators, although by this time the competitions had not yet been completed bobsleigh. This was determined by bad weather conditions. According to the decision of the IOC, the final competitions in this sport were held on February 14-15.
On the evening of February 13, a blizzard began, it began to snow, and the central arena of the Olympic Ice Stadium was covered with a white shroud. And yet, the award and closing ceremonies of the Games took place.
On the central podium, surrounded by representatives of the 17 countries participating in the Games, was the IOC President, Count Henri de Bayeux-Latour. A special stand was installed for the winners and prize-winners of the Olympics, indicating the places of the winners of the Games.
During the playing of the National Anthem of the country, the winners in each sport were presented with awards to the champions. The awards of the Olympic champions and medalists of the Games were entrusted to the Presidents of the IOC, NOC and the Organizing Committee (OCOG) of the USA.
After the award ceremony, the IOC President announced the official closing of the III Winter Olympic Games of 1932, and the award ceremony for the winners and runners-up of the bobsleigh competition took place on February 15, 1932.
IOC President Count Henri de Bayeux-Latour declares the Games closed
Analyzing the results of these Games, historians subsequently said that their organization in the United States almost killed the very idea of organizing the White Olympics. For example, at the insistence of the organizers, speed skating races were held according to the rules adopted in the USA, that is, with a general start. In the end, all four gold medals were won by the Americans. It is noteworthy that a few days after the closing of the Games, the World Speed Skating Championships were held here in Lake Placid: this time the competition was held according to international rules, and the Americans outright lost to their rivals from Scandinavia.
