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Walking tourism. Ganopolsky V.I., Beznosikov E.Ya., Bulatov V.G.

Moscow Pedagogical State University

"Autumn - 2016"

Competitions are held in accordance with the “Rules of the sport “Sports Tourism” (hereinafter referred to as the “Rules...”), the “Regulations for the competition “Unofficial Tourist Rally of the Moscow State Pedagogical University” (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations...”), these Regulations, the Conditions of the competition approved by the State Jury Committee. .

I. Hiking technique

(Tourist obstacle course)

Team composition: 6 people (at least 2 women) and two reserve participants.

Possible steps:

1. "Get down"

“slegi” - crossing over a “swamp”. The team must move from one “safe zone” to another, using and touching in the “danger zone” only the poles (long poles) and supports designated by the judges. Touching other objects located in the “danger zone” is prohibited.

Fines at the stage:

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Stepping over the restriction;

5. Fall;

6. Refusal to complete the stage by the participant;

7. Failure to comply with the conditions for the team to pass the stage;

8. Argument with the judge;

9. Help/advice from outside.

2. "HUMMS"

“Hummocks” - crossing a “swamp” on hummocks prepared by the refereeing team. The team must move from one “safe zone” to another using only the “bumps” designated by the judges. Touching other objects located in the “danger zone” is prohibited.

Fines at the stage:

1. Single touch behind the limit;

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Stepping over the restriction;

4. Loading the support beyond the constraint;

5. Fall;

6. Failure of the participant to complete the stage;

7. Refusal to complete the stage by the participant;

8. Failure to comply with the conditions for the team to pass the stage;

9. Argument with the judge;

10. Help/advice from outside.

3. “Pole Crossing”

Crossing with a pole - crossing a natural or artificial obstacle, designated by the judges, using a pole. Touching the pole with both hands is mandatory.

Fines at the stage:

1. Single touch behind the limit;

2. Unsportsmanlike conduct;

3. Stepping over the restriction;

4. Two on stage;

5. Getting wet;

6. Loading the support beyond the constraint;

7. Fall;

8. Failure of the participant to complete the stage;

9. Refusal to complete the stage by the participant;

10. Failure to comply with the conditions for the team to pass the stage;

11. Arguments with the judge;

12. Help/advice from outside.

4. “Crossing with a pendulum”

“Pendulum crossing” – crossing over a natural or artificial obstacle using a “pendulum”.

The pendulum is designed as follows:

Rope 1 is stretched between two supports. The end of rope 2 is tied to the third support, which is not in line with the first two. The participant must cross the obstacle by stepping on rope 1 with his feet and holding onto the end of rope 2 with his hands. Rope 2 must be loaded. .

When passing the stage:

the participant can only touch ropes, supports and their parts;

TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS IN TOURISM

These two sections of tourist training are interconnected, since from the point of view of ensuring safety, the solution of technical and tactical problems is most important. It is important for students studying tourism to get acquainted, at least in the most general terms, with the basic elements of technology for mass types of sports tourism.

Fundamentals of hiking and mountain tourism techniques

These two types of tourism have more similarities than differences. They have one method of transportation - on foot, general technical techniques for overcoming rough terrain and water obstacles; The differences, first of all, are that hiking trips are carried out in all areas, and mountain trips - only in the high mountains. However, this main difference remains mainly only at the level of hikes of I-III categories of difficulty, since for hiking routes of higher categories of difficulty, high-mountain regions are also used - the Western and Eastern Caucasus, Altai, Pamir-Alai, Western Tien Shan, the high-mountain Buordakh massif in Chersky Ridge, although qualitative differences (for example, the technical complexity of the passes) remain.

From the point of view of the technical preparedness of tourists and ensuring their safety, it is necessary to pay attention to several important points.

The classification on routes of category I of difficulty in hiking, skiing, water, and cycling tourism does not define natural obstacles that require special technical training - as a rule, they do not exist in flat areas and on flat rivers. Meanwhile, mountain trekking routes of category I difficulty include at least 2 passes of category IA difficulty, which require certain skills in movement techniques and belaying.

To what has been said, however, it is necessary to add that hiking trips not only II-III, but in many cases also I category of difficulty are made not in the plains, but in low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, often with alpine relief forms (Mountain Crimea, Carpathians, Kola Peninsula , Southern and Subpolar Urals, Kodar, Sayan Mountains). In these cases, as in mountain hikes, participants must master the technique of moving along mountain slopes and crossing mountain rivers, belaying and self-insurance techniques.

In table Table 4 shows the main types of natural obstacles characteristic of hiking and mountain hiking routes.

Table 4. Main types of natural obstacles on hiking and mountain hiking routes, characteristics of technical methods for overcoming them

Natural Obstacles	Basic characteristics of obstacles	Ways to overcome and techniques used
		Movement methods and options	Movement technique	Safety techniques, insurance methods
Difficult forest	Forest thicket with very rough terrain (hills, gullies, ravines)	Overcoming forest debris, windbreaks, accumulations of boulders	Rational movement technique when overcoming steep slopes and fallen trees	Organization of group movement with a safe interval, self-belaying via an alpenstock
	Easy and moderately passable swamps	Fording a swamp with a pole along a road	Wading with a pole, moving along a road	Providing self-insurance and mutual insurance; organization of group (railing) insurance
Slopes and mountain passes	Grassy slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent	Rational techniques of movement (leg placement) during ascent, traverse, descent	Self-belaying using an alpenstock or ice ax, using crampons on wet grassy, ​​snowy and icy slopes
Slopes and mountain passes	Rock-talus slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent along scree slopes; climbing rocky slopes and light rocks, traverse rocky slopes, descending rocky slopes	Rational technique of movement on large, medium and small screes; technique of moving on light rocks, elements of rock climbing, sport rappelling technique	Self-belaying through an ice ax or alpenstock when moving along scree slopes or scree couloirs; organization of group belay when passing light rocks (working with rope and tying knots)
Slopes and mountain passes	Snowy slopes	Ascent, traverse, descent on gentle slopes and moderately steep slopes - snowy and firn	Techniques for lifting and trampling steps on snowy slopes, techniques for moving with crampons on a firn slope, planing on gentle and safe snowy slopes, sports rappelling	Self-belaying through an ice ax or alpenstock; mutual, simultaneous and alternating insurance in bundles; group insurance
Slopes and mountain passes	Ice slopes, ice relief elements	Ascent, traverse and descent on gentle ice slopes, movement along the glacier	Techniques for moving on crampons (ascent, traverse, descent), cutting steps, rappelling in a sports way	Self-insurance; alternate belay when moving on an open and closed glacier, group belay on the descent
Water obstacles (streams, rivers)	Simple water obstacles (streams and small lowland rivers)	Crossing ford or over rocks	Technique for individual crossing by ford or over rocks	Ford reconnaissance, self-belaying when crossing using an alpenstock (pole)
	Fast, but not deep and not very wide mountain streams and rivers	Fording with group insurance	Techniques for wading through fast water with insurance	Full insurance for the first and last participant, railing insurance for the remaining participants
	Fast, narrow, but quite deep rivers (in the forest area)	Crossing with luggage	Techniques for guiding luggage crossings and techniques for moving through luggage
	The same, but in a treeless area or flowing in a canyon	Canopy crossing	Techniques for establishing a suspended crossing and techniques for moving on a suspended crossing	Organization of the crossing with full insurance for all participants

As can be seen from the table, the simplest obstacles typical for hiking in flat areas should include: moderately rough terrain (hills, ravines, gullies, hollows), dense forest, swamps, streams and rivers. In low-mountain and mid-mountain regions, these obstacles are added to: mountain pass areas with slopes of small and medium steepness - grassy, ​​scree, snow. Water obstacles are also difficult in these areas - as a rule, not wide, but fast streams and rivers; Accordingly, the technical methods for organizing crossings will be somewhat more complex. In high mountain areas, even for routes of the first category of difficulty, the following obstacles are added to the indicated obstacles: small sections of movement on glaciers and firn slopes, steep paths, moraines, small, medium and large screes of stones.

Mastering the technical techniques of movement, belaying and self-insurance, and transporting a victim is achieved by performing special exercises (both in the preparatory period and directly on the hike route, especially when it comes to training hikes). Such exercises include:
movement along steep paths with the development of rational walking techniques (correct positioning of the legs, support on the alpenstock);
practicing techniques for overcoming low obstacles - stones, fallen trees;
overcoming a difficult forest (thicket, dense forest with undergrowth, ravines and gullies, rubble, windbreaks);
movement on grassy, ​​snowy and scree slopes (ascent, traverse, descent), organizing self-insurance using an alpenstock or ice ax;
movement through swamps - techniques for moving with a pole, along roads with provision of mutual insurance;
crossings over water obstacles (streams, rivers) - organizing fording with alpenstocks, organizing insurance, guiding the crossing (luggage, railings);
transporting the victim - performing exercises to transport the victim on an improvised stretcher made of two poles and a tent (or two rain jackets, jackets) with safety belts;
knitting various types of knots ("guide", "grasping" "stirrup", "straight", etc.).

In Fig. 8-10 provide illustrations of more complex techniques mentioned in table. 4, including movement on snow and ice slopes with self-insurance and self-arrest, cutting steps, rappelling, various types of knots, methods of securing a rope when organizing belay (including on rocks), the use of clamps, methods of crossing a river , elements of rescue technology in mountain conditions.

In table 5 shows the first part of the “Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes” (“Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes” - see “Methodological recommendations for organizing a mountain trip.” - M.: TsRIB “Tourist”, 1979). Category high-mountain passes 1A, 1B and 2A are decisive for assessing the complexity of mountain hikes of categories I, II and III, respectively. In hiking trips made in high mountain areas, these same passes (in combination with other natural obstacles and a corresponding increase in the length of the routes) determine the technical complexity of routes of categories I-IV.

In the technical training of tourists (pedestrians and miners) there are no primary and secondary elements - they are all equally important, since it is the technique of movement and insurance that is the main thing in ensuring the safety of participants in hiking trips. Even on steep grassy slopes, especially after rain, located above cliffs, the movement of tourists becomes far from safe, and overcoming the slopes, of course, requires the organization of insurance.

Table 5. Scale for assessing the difficulty of passes

	The nature of the most difficult sections of the route	Techniques and tactics of movement and overnight conditions	Total time to overcome the pass. Number of running hours (T1); time of movement with mutual insurance (T2); number of belay points (n)	Special equipment required
	Simple scree, snow and rocky slopes with a steepness of up to 30°, gentle (up to 15°) glaciers without cracks *, steep grassy slopes on which rock outcrops are possible; as a rule, there are paths	The simplest individual technique; self-belaying with an alpenstock or ice ax. When crossing rivers, belaying with a rope may be required on the approaches. Spending the night usually on the grass in tents, huts or shelters	Few hours T1=4-8 T2=0 n=0	Shoes with non-slip soles; ice axes or alpenstocks; 1-2 ropes per group
	Simple rocks, snowy slopes of medium steepness (from 20 to 40°), and in some years, areas of ice on slopes usually covered with snow, closed glaciers with areas of cracks hidden by snow. Screes of various steepness and size	The simplest group technique: movement in teams along slopes and closed glaciers; sometimes hanging handrails on short (up to 40 m) sections of slopes and at crossings. Overnight in tents on convenient sites on the borders of the glacial zone	As a rule, no more than one day T1=4-10 T2=1-4 n=up to 5	Vibram or tricon boots; chest harnesses or Abalakov belts, alpenstocks and ice axes (1-2 per group); main ropes, one for 3-4 people
	Rocky, snowy, ice slopes of medium steepness (from 20 to 40°) Closed glaciers and simple icefalls	More complex individual and group techniques: alternate belaying on short sections, sometimes using crampons or cutting steps; a hook belay may be required. Possible overnight stays in the glacial zone	No more than a day T1=6-10 T2=3-6 n=5-10	Vibram boots complete with crampons

* This refers to cracks into which a person can fall.

Moving along grassy slopes. There are practically no flat surfaces on grassy slopes. There are protruding stones and hummocks almost everywhere. If you walk carefully, all these unevenness can be used as steps and you can walk along them even without special shoes, and in “vibrams” or tricon boots you can move along very steep slopes. If the grass is wet, it is advisable to walk on steep dangerous slopes only in “vibrams” or knock-down boots, or wear crampons.

Rice. 8. Elements of equipment for a mountain hiking tourist (from left to right, top to bottom): movement along a gentle snow slope; zigzag and three-beat lifts; descent on crampons with your back to the slope; self-detention; cutting down steps; traversing a snow slope; knots straight, stirrup, grasping

In the event of a fall, self-restraint on a grassy slope is carried out with an ice ax or alpenstock. In dangerous places it is necessary to organize belaying with a rope. Belay is organized through large stones, ledges, shoulder or lower back.

When climbing grassy slopes “head-on”, depending on the steepness of the slope, the feet can be placed parallel, “half-herringbone”, “herringbone”, and depending on the position of the sole of the shoe relative to the plane of the slope - on the entire foot, on the outer or inner welt of the boot.

On gentle slopes with a backpack, you should walk on your entire foot. With a slight increase in steepness, you need to continue moving, leaning on the entire foot, but changing the position of the feet relative to the line of ascent: “half-herringbone” or “herringbone” on steeper slopes. As the steepness increases, an ice ax or alpenstock is used as a second point of support.

When lifting obliquely and zigzag, it is advisable to place your feet in a “half-herringbone” pattern, over the entire foot, and place more load on the outer or inner welt of the shoe (the upper leg on the outer one, the lower leg on the inner one). It is better to place the upper leg horizontally, and slightly turn the lower leg down the slope “into the valley”. This will increase stability and slightly reduce the stress on the ankle joints. On steeper slopes, a combination of these two methods can be used: one foot is placed on the slope with the welt of the shoe, and the other with the entire foot, slightly turned out.

When lifting in a zigzag pattern, it is important to maintain balance as you turn. In this case, transfer the body weight to the leg external to the slope, and turn the inner leg to the side, to a position corresponding to the new direction. Now the tourist is facing the slope and is ready to continue moving in a new direction; all that remains is to change the position of the ice ax relative to the slope.

When descending straight down, your feet should be placed parallel or, with your toes slightly turned to the sides, across the entire foot. If the slope is not very steep, they go down with their backs to it, with their knees slightly bent, in quick short steps. The step should be springy. It is recommended to descend a steep slope sideways, holding the ice ax with both hands in the ready position for self-belaying.

On a wet grassy slope, the rims of your boots become clogged with mud and you can easily slip, so special attention is required. Dirt is removed by striking the handle of an ice ax or alpenstock on the welt of the boot.

On old scree and rocky slopes overgrown with thick, tall grass or small bushes, you need to walk slowly: haste often leads to slipping and loss of balance. In addition, under the vegetation it is difficult to distinguish the microrelief of the slope.

Moving along screes. When going out onto screes lying on steep slopes, you need to remember that they are almost always dangerous due to rockfalls. In areas of significant steepness, the scree lies unstable. Walking on them is not only tiring, but also dangerous.

Rice. 9. Elements of equipment and insurance for a mountain hiking tourist (from left to right, top to bottom): descent with a carabiner; securing a firn anchor in the slope; sports downhill; clamp for ascending and descending a rope (“zhumar”); strapping knots - bowline (right) and conductor (left); a braided knot for tying the ends of ropes of different sizes (in the middle); ways to secure a rope on descents

When choosing a path, it is necessary to take into account that the passability of screes in different directions varies significantly depending on the steepness of the slope, the size and roughness of the stones. Small screes, especially those formed from slab sedimentary rocks, crawl easily underfoot, so although they are convenient for descent, they are tiring for ascent and traverse.

You need to walk on the scree calmly, gradually compacting the slope with pressure until it stops sliding. Only after this can the weight of the body be transferred to it. With the second foot they begin to trample down the scree at a sufficient distance from the first, taking into account the sliding of the scree so that when it stops, the second foot is not at the level of the first. For better support, you need to place your leg on the entire foot, keep your torso vertical, as far as the backpack allows. An ice ax can be used as a second support point if necessary. In the event of a fall, self-restraint is carried out in the same way as when moving along grassy slopes.

When climbing shallow scree, the group usually walks in a column. Although moving along serpentine roads at different levels is acceptable, it is nevertheless better to avoid it. Taking into account the above, when turning, you have to wait until the whole group arrives at the turning point. They move along fixed (“dead”) or frozen scree in the same way as along grassy slopes. The order of movement along the “live” scree on the descent is arbitrary, but it is better to walk in a line with a relatively small distance between participants.

When descending, steps should be short. Often a fairly large area of ​​small scree can be passed by sliding down along with the scree “cushions” underfoot. You just need to make sure that your feet don’t get stuck too deeply in the scree, and step over the formed scree ridge in time or move away from it.

When driving on small screes, you must constantly remember that they are especially dangerous due to rock falls from the rocky areas located above.

On medium scree you can move in almost any direction, as well as on small scree, but it is preferable to move obliquely or in a zigzag.

When a group moves in a zigzag pattern, special attention should be paid to safe cornering. Having reached the turning point, the guide must wait until the rest of the participants join him, and only then begin moving in a new direction. When moving along live scree in a large group, it is better to break up into several mobile groups walking with a significant gap from each other. This will reduce the time it takes to make turns and eliminate the possibility of tourists being injured by stones falling from under the feet of those walking above. It must be remembered that screes and moraines lying on a hard, smooth base (on steep slabs, sheep's foreheads) are especially dangerous. To an inexperienced person they seem simple, but often they slide down like an avalanche of stones. When climbing, you need to plan in advance a place for shelter in case of a rockfall.

Sudden movements should be avoided; feet should be placed gently and carefully. It is not recommended to lean an ice ax on the slope: such support is unreliable, and you can accidentally throw off a stone with an ice ax.

Large scree, as a rule, is denser than medium and small ones. You must move along it carefully, stepping from one stone to another, avoiding significant jumps.

You should be wary of stones with inclined edges and inclined slabs: if the slope is too steep, your foot may slip off them. Both when descending and when ascending, your feet should be placed on the edge of the stones facing the mountain.

Movement on snow and firn. Snowy and firn slopes make it possible to organize insurance almost everywhere, although it is less reliable than on ice and rocks. When moving on snow, the principle of “two points of support” is applied (leg - leg, leg - ice ax), which is valid even on steep slopes.

When going up and down snowy routes, where the leg muscles are under great strain, mainly due to the hard work of trampling down the steps, the physical preparation of the participants is of particular importance.

To ensure safe movement on snow, the following recommendations are offered:

on a soft snow slope, you should gradually press the foot support, avoiding a strong kick in the snow. This helps to preserve steps that could collapse from a sharp blow, saves energy and reduces the danger of an avalanche;

if the crust is fragile and cannot withstand the weight of a person, there is no need to try to stay on its surface. It is better to break the crust with a sharp blow of the foot, and then press the sole to compact the step under it;

sometimes you can stay on a steep crusty slope by resting your sole on the edge of a step cut into the crust, and your shin on the crust, thus distributing your body weight over a large surface area of ​​the snow;

when moving on snow, the body position should be vertical, especially if the steps are unreliable;

the length of the leader’s step should not exceed the length of the step of the shortest member of the group;

all participants must follow each other, without knocking down the steps, taking care of their safety;

Since the one who goes first does the hard work, he must be replaced periodically. This is also dictated by considerations of general safety, because a tired person is more likely to make mistakes in choosing a path, organizing insurance, and timely detection of danger;

the more difficult path should be preferred if it is less dangerous. Thus, climbing straight up is preferable not only because of the shortest path, but also because of greater safety, since this does not cut off the snow, as when moving in a zigzag or traversing a slope.

On a snowy slope with a steepness of up to 30-35°, it is best to climb straight up. If there is sufficient depth of loose, soft snow, the feet are placed parallel. Each footprint is compacted until a snow “pillow” is formed, on which the foot then steps. Those following the guide, if necessary, additionally process such traces by kicking snow into the depression prepared by him and tamping it.

As the steepness of the slope and the hardness of the snow increase, they switch to zigzag movement, changing the direction of movement from time to time. You need to walk at an angle of about 45° to the line of water flow (the most economical way); to climb, use microrelief details on dense snow or firn (for example, a small ridge between snow furrows, knocking out steps in it on both sides with a boot welt).

The steps are knocked out by the welt of the boot with oblique sliding blows, at this moment leaning on the slope with the point of the ice ax. Such work requires skill and training, since swinging and sharp kicks can cause you to lose your balance. First of all, you need to rest the pin of the ice ax against the slope at waist level, then use the outer welt of the boot, which is closer to the slope, to knock out a horizontal step. The small leg span, mainly due to the lower leg, is compensated by a relatively stable body position. Then, standing with this foot on the finished step, transfer your body weight to it. The next step is knocked out with the inner welt of a straight, relaxed leg standing lower on the slope. A large leg span makes it easier to knock out a step, but the body position is less stable, and it is more difficult to ensure the horizontality of the step.

On moderately steep slopes, the ice ax is moved to a new fulcrum with each step. On steep slopes as the snow depth increases, an ice ax should be used to create more reliable support. On very hard crust or firn, labor-intensive kicking out of steps is replaced by cutting or scraping with an ice ax with a shovel. It is even more economical and safe to move on hard snow surfaces with crampons.

Features of movement on ice. On tourist routes of III-IV categories of difficulty, a significant place is occupied by ice areas of the most varied terrain: slopes of varying steepness, plumbs, cracks, ridges. The difficulty of moving on ice is determined by the steepness of the slope, the type and properties of the ice, and the condition of its surface.

You should walk on ice in Vibra boots and crampons, and on steeper slopes, if necessary, use artificial support points (cutting steps and hand grips, driving in or screwing in ice hooks). It is also possible to move using a rope fixed to the slope as a handrail.

To move along ice slopes without cutting down steps, crampons are used. On relatively flat ice, it is possible to move in “vibrams” or sharpened boots with some steps cut off. The technique of movement and belay is the same as when moving on snow and firn, only the foot in shackled shoes is always placed on the entire foot.

The basis of ice technique is walking on crampons, cutting down steps, and working with ice pitons.

Crossings of mountain rivers. Mountain rivers are a serious obstacle on the way of a tourist. Here you can encounter strong currents, low water temperatures, and large stones rolling along the bottom that can knock you down or injure you. All this makes the crossing a dangerous event and requires the participants of the trip to carefully prepare for it and master all the necessary techniques.

Rice. 10. Elements of the technique of crossing and climbing out of cracks (from left to right, top to bottom): fording in a line; the most rational crossing route; layout of those crossing; organization of insurance when crossing the first; correct fastening of the safety rope; lifting from a crack with a “single block” (left) and using stirrups (right)

The location of the crossing is determined by the width and depth of the river, the speed and regime of its flow, which depend on the time of day, the nature of the bottom and the steepness of the banks, the time of year, meteorological conditions, the availability of places for organizing insurance, monitoring and managing the crossing.

The method of crossing the river (ford, over water or over rocks) is chosen in accordance with the nature of the river section, technical equipment and preparedness of the group.

A place for a ford should be sought where the river divides into branches or spills over a wide floodplain. For crossing over water using technical means, a narrowed part of the river with trees on the bank or rocky ledges is favorable. A section of the river with a calm current and a bank convenient for mooring is considered suitable for water crossings using rafting devices.

The safest crossing point is a section of the river where the strength of the flow is minimal, that is, where the channel is widest and the depth of the flow is smallest. This is usually where a river divides into several branches. The presence of separate islands makes it possible to organize not only rest for the participants, but also effective reconnaissance of the further route across the river.

Any fording must begin with reconnaissance, which consists of: inspection of the area in order to determine the type of possible crossing; determining a section of the river and bank that meets the requirements for organizing the selected type of crossing; determining the specific method of movement of the first participants in wading (with a pole, a wall, a circle) or the nature of the preparatory work (throwing a rope, laying intermediate stones, laying and securing logs, preparing a support for tensioning the railing when crossing over water); choosing the type of insurance corresponding to the chosen type of crossing.

After the preparatory work, the crossing begins. In simple cases, when a person is carried away by the current of water and only threatens to swim, wading can be carried out without insurance. The most convenient methods in this case will be: a single river crossing with support on a pole, which is used to rest against the bottom against the current; in a line facing the current, hugging the shoulders or waist, with the most physically strong participant standing at the top of the current; in twos - facing each other, putting their hands on the shoulders of a comrade and moving at a side step sideways to the current; around - holding shoulders.

When the ford poses a certain danger, they cross with the help of two ropes, observing all safety precautions. The first to cross the river is the most experienced and strong participant, belayed with the main rope attached with a carabiner to the chest harness on the back. At an angle of about 90° to the main rope, an auxiliary rope goes downstream to the shore, which can, if necessary, quickly pull the besieged to the shore. It is better to organize belaying through a ledge, a tree, or simply hold the rope with your hands (2-3 people).

In case the water knocks the crosser off his feet, the main safety rope must be free. Otherwise, she, rigidly holding the one who has fallen off, will not allow him to either get up or swim. It is necessary to belay in such a way that the rope can be loosened at any time (which will allow the person crossing to swim downstream), while simultaneously pulling him to the shore or releasing the rope if the current carries him to the opposite bank.

When wading with a pole, you need a fairly strong stick no shorter than a person's height, attached with the short end of a rope to the safety ropes or to the chest harness. You need to move somewhat against the current, strongly pushing against the bottom sixth upstream; hold the stick with your hands wide apart; When moving, always maintain two points of support; legs and pole cannot be raised high in the water; first feel the bottom, looking for a solid point of support.

Having crossed to the other bank, the tourist secures the main rope there to a tree or ledge. Railings are organized for crossing the remaining participants. The height of the railing should not be lower than the chest level of the person standing in the river. It is also advisable to move along the railing against the current.

When wading along the railings, the participant is fastened with a carabiner to the safety rope in front. The size of the loop with a carabiner for self-belaying should be such that while moving you can walk leaning back on straight arms. In this case, you should hold on to the tensioned railings with both hands and walk with an extended step. You need to cross downstream relative to the railing.

Having crossed to the other side, unfasten the safety rope and, having connected it with a carbine in a safe place, remove the lanyard. The latter unties the railing rope, attaches himself to it and to the auxiliary rope, as when crossing the first, and, leaning on a pole, crosses.

They cross the railings only one at a time. You cannot use a gripping unit instead of a carabiner. It is mandatory to cross in boots and clothing. After crossing, you need to pour the water out of your boots, wipe them from the inside with a dry cloth, and wring out your socks and clothes.

Abstract – lessons “Techniques of pedestrian tourism”

Perevezentseva Galina Evgenievna, teacher of additional education MBOU DOD Center for Children and Youth Tourism and Excursions (young tourists) Lukhovitsy.
Description of material: I present to your attention the summary of the lesson “Techniques of Hiking Tourism”, which is aimed at preparing children for tourism competitions. This material will be useful to beginning teachers of additional education working in the field of tourism. Children's age is 12-15 years.
Target: preparing children for tourism competitions.
Tasks:
- practice with students the technique of passing the stages.
- train students in technical techniques for passing tourist stages;
- to cultivate will, courage and determination, to promote the development of strength, reaction speed, endurance, healthy lifestyle skills, to improve health, to promote comprehensive physical development.
Equipment: Safety harnesses, Manaraga carbines, pre-prepared stages: “Pendulum”, “Parallel Crossing”, “Butterfly”.
Progress of the lesson
Teacher: Hello guys!
Today we will practice the technique of passing the stages “Pendulum”, “Parallel Crossing” and “Butterfly”.
But first, let's prepare our muscles for physical activity.
Complex of physical exercises:
1. Stand in one line.
2. Calculate on 1-2.
3. First numbers 2 steps forward march.
4.Exercises for neck muscles
5. Starting position: hands on the belt.
6. turn your head to the left.
7.to the right.
8. head tilt forward.
9.back.
10. Starting position: hands on the belt.
11.Circular movements of the head.
12. 8-circular movements to the left.
13. 8-circular movements to the right.
14.Preparing the shoulder girdle muscles
15. Starting position: stand with legs apart.
16. 4-4 circular movements, in the elbow joints inward.
17.4-4 the same outside.
18. Starting position: stand with your legs apart, hands on your waist.
19.1 – turn left.
20.2 – Starting position
21.3-4 – the same to the right
22. Starting position: stand with your legs apart, hands on your waist.
23.1 - tilt the body to the left.
24.2- Starting position
25.3-4 - also to the right.
26.Preparing the trunk muscles
27. Starting position: wide stance.
28.1 – bend towards the left leg.
29.2 – tilt in the middle.
30.3 – bend towards the right leg.
31.4 – Starting position
32.Starting position: narrow stance
33.1-3 – springy tilt.
34.4 – detain.
35.Preparing the leg muscles.
36. Starting position: narrow stance, hands on knees.
37.1-8 circular movements in the knee joints to the left.
38.2-8 – the same to the right.
39. Starting position: wide stance, hands on the belt
40. squat hands forward
41.put your hands on your belt
42.stand up and shake off your legs.
43.The warm-up is over.
Teacher: The guys all took harnesses. And now we will put on the safety system for a while (control time 10 minutes)
Work with tying a safety rope, fastening safety carabiners.
Teacher: Well done, you did a good job with this task, everyone is wearing harnesses, the safety rope is tied, and the carabiners are fastened. We can safely begin training sessions.
First stage "Pendulum"
Passing this stage will require you to be able to maintain your balance and move correctly along a tight rope.
(a rope 10 mm thick is stretched between 2 trees and the third rope is tied at one end in the middle at a height of 2-4 m, the free end forms a pendulum)
The task is to stand on the rope with both feet holding the pendulum end, which should be on the left side of the participant to regulate the movement. And with an adjustable step, cross to the other side while regulating your movement with a pendulum rope. Please note that there is a colorful tape on the ground - this is a designation of a control area that cannot be crossed. I would like to remind you that during the competition, a team receives penalty points for completing a task incorrectly. Therefore, try to do everything at once without errors.
Teacher: Do you guys understand everything? Ready?
Guys' answers: Yes!
Forward. Each team member takes turns practicing the pendulum movement.

Teacher: Well done. Not everyone succeeded right away, but your perseverance showed that you want to and will get through it. And this stage is no longer scary for you in competitions. You have overcome it.
Second stage “Parallel crossing”
(ropes 10 mm thick are stretched between 2 trees parallel to each other. The length of the distance is 12-15 m. We cross the tree and also make a parallel stage 10-12 m long.)
Teacher: Your task is to overcome the crossing, but only to do it correctly. First of all, don’t forget about the mittens. We move along the lower rope with our feet, and with our hands we hold on to the upper safety railings. Self-belaying is carried out using a self-belaying lanyard, which is fastened to the top safety railing with a carabiner. We move along the crossing sideways with side steps, and best of all, with a sliding step, this reduces the vibration of the rope. Hold on to the top safety railing with both hands, and slide the self-belay carabiner between your hands. This crossing is done alone. If a participant is still passing through the stage, and one of you stands on the rope, the team earns penalty points. Therefore, be very careful. We listen, then we reach the end of the crossing, in this case to a tree, and we need to go to another crossing; the tree that appears on the way must be correctly bypassed. We take a lanyard with a carabiner, which is free, and fasten it to the railing of another crossing. Then we move one foot to the crossing and unfasten the carabiner from the railing of the crossing that you passed. Only after this can you continue moving further along the crossing.

Teacher: Well, now you have all passed the parallel crossing and realized that this is not as simple and easy as it seemed at the beginning. But you guys coped with it and did it on time.
Third stage "Butterfly"
(we pull the ropes, as in a parallel crossing, only we tighten the middle with a carabiner to narrow it, we get a butterfly. The length of the distance is 10-12 m.)
Teacher: At this stage, we fasten two self-belay carabiners, and then everything is the same as in a parallel crossing until the middle of the path, and then you need to sit on the rope and pull your body as close as possible to the connection of the two ropes. Cross one safety carabiner to the other side and throw one leg over the butterfly, then pull your body to the other side. Refasten the second safety carabiner and drag the second leg. We move away from the middle, stand on our feet, continuing to progress through the stage.

Summing up the lesson.
Teacher: We had a great time today's lesson. You have mastered some of the steps of hiking well. Tired? But you'll rest soon. But before we finish, our lesson is to answer my questions.
Question: What stages have we worked through today?
Guys' answers:“Pendulum”, “Parallel crossing”, “Butterfly”.
Question: How many participants can be on the stage at the same time?
Guys' answers: Only one.
Question: How should you move along the ropes?
Guys' answers: sideways with side steps, or best of all with a sliding step.
Question: Where should the safety carabiners be located when moving on the stage?
Guys' answers: On the safety railing between the hands.
Teacher: This concludes our lesson. Did you like it?
Guys: Yes!
Thanks to all.

Credentials Commission

Acceptance of documents from teams and participants:

ü Identity card (passport or birth certificate - original),

ü Medical certificate,

ü Team application for participation in competitions (Appendix 1).

2. Technical information of the competition - “cross-hike”.

Ø Team composition: 6 people.

Ø Start of teams according to schedule (formed by drawing lots the night before at a meeting of team representatives).

Ø the main objective "Cross-hike" competition - demonstration of skills movement over rough terrain on simple sport hikes, checking availability main elements group And personal equipment.

Ø The team’s task is to follow the route specified by the judges, making control marks (indicated on the map of the area) confirming the correctness of the route and passing the stages indicated on the team card.

Ø Passage of the route - teams of groups "B", "C" with a team representative. At the discretion of the team representative, it is allowed to complete the cross-hike route of Group B without a team representative.

Ø Control time completing the distance - 2 hours.

Ø Cross-hike competition participants move along the markings, sports map, and azimuth.

Ø On the route the team does control marks .

Ø Stages of the Cross-Hike competition:

1. Knotting. Competitions are held in accordance with the “regulations for holding sports competitions in sports tourism”, sports discipline: “Pedestrian distance” from 2014 (code number 0840091811ya).

Each team member ties one knot from the following groups of knots:

· for tying ropes– counter, counter eight, grapevine, fronttail;

· for mounting on a support– carbine noose, bayonet, stirrup, bowline, double bowline, grapevine noose;

· loopback– figure-eight conductor, double conductor, Austrian conductor;

· grasping– symmetrical (Prusik), Bachmann, Austrian (winding)

ü Each team member knits only 4 knots. Approximate control time is 30 seconds.

ü Knots should not have twisted strands. The drawings must correspond to the drawings on the website (file "Knots") and on the stand by knots.

ü All knots, except the counter, counter eight, grapevine, figure eight, double conductor, Austrian conductor, double bowline, grapevine choke, must have control knots.

ü All knots tied, incl. control ones must have a free end exit of at least 50 mm.

2. Log with the installation of safety railings (the rope for organizing the railing is the referee’s).

3. Get out. The team's crossing of logs through a swampy area. A participant does not earn points for the team if he uses his foot, pole or hand to support a dangerous (swampy) area.

4. Azimuth. Each team member performs 3 tasks using a judge's compass: 1. determines the azimuth to the object; 2. determines the direction to an object at a given azimuth; 3. takes the azimuth on the map and indicates the direction of movement. If the answer is inaccurate, the team will not be awarded points.

5. Topography. Each team member indicates the name of 2 topographic map signs out of 40 proposed (see topographic signs on the website and at the competition stand).

6. Orientation - composter marking at all checkpoints. (On one's own).

7. Burning out the thread .

8. Terrain. Each team member indicates the name of 2 landforms from the proposed options.

Ø Group equipment at the "Cross-hike" distance: compass, first aid kit, mobile phone (2 pieces per team), watch, optional - snack.

Ø Before the team goes to the start, a pre-launch check , where the availability of group equipment, personal clothing and shoes, knowledge of the boundaries of the competition area and actions in an emergency are checked.

Ø The team participating in the cross-tour competition must score maximum points for completing the distance (see table) and meet the control time. The team with the most points wins.

Ø Team independently, taking into account physical strength, moral and psychological state, availability of necessary group equipment, weather conditions decides to participate in competitions "cross-hike" and going through its individual stages.

Ø Points for stages are presented in the “Team Cards” table:

Stages of the “Cross-hike” distance and points awarded for completing the stage:

TEAM CARD (option)

Stage number	Stage name	Conditions for passing the stage	Points for completing a stage	Group
	Complete route.	For exceeding the control time - minus 2 points for each minute of delay to the finish line.	100	A, B, C
	Log with railing organization	The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th participant walks along the log, holding the railing with their hands (the rope for organizing the railing is the judge’s).	6 participants 4 points = 24	A, B, C
	Knotting	Each team member ties one knot from the following groups of knots: · for tying ropes– counter, counter eight, grapevine, fronttail; · for mounting on a support– carbine noose, bayonet, stirrup, bowline, double bowline, grapevine noose; · loopback– figure-eight conductor, double conductor, Austrian conductor; · grasping– symmetrical (Prusik), Bachmann, Austrian (winding) ü Each team member knits only 4 knots. Approximate control time is 30 seconds. ü Knots should not have twisted strands (the drawings must correspond to the drawings on the website (file “knots”) and on the stand for knots). ü All knots, except the counter, counter eight, grapevine, figure eight conductor, double conductor, Austrian conductor, double bowline, grapevine choke, must have control knots. ü All knots tied, incl. control ones must have a free end exit of at least 50 mm.	4 knots * 1 point * 6 people. = 24	A, B, C
	Go away	The team's crossing of logs through a swampy area. A participant does not earn points for the team if he uses his foot, pole or hand to support a dangerous (swampy) area.	6 participants 4 points = 24	A, B, C
	Azimuth	Each team member performs 3 tasks using a judge's compass: 1. determines the azimuth to the object; 2. determines the direction to an object at a given azimuth; 3. takes the azimuth on the map and indicates the direction of movement. If the answer to at least one task is incorrect, the participant does not earn the team 4 points	6 participants * 4 points = 24	A, B, C
	Topography	Each team member indicates the name of 2 topographic map signs out of 40 proposed.	6 people*2 characters* 2 points = 24	A, B, C
	Orientation	Composter marking at all checkpoints. (On one's own).	4 CPs of 6 points = 24	A, B, C
	Burning out the thread	The command burns the thread within the control time (CT)	24	A, B, C
	Terrain	Each team member indicates the name of 2 of the proposed relief options.	6 participants * 2 answers * 2 points = 24	A, B, C
		Maximum points:	292

3. “Knot for memory” (personal and team competitions).

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø All teams of the age group start at the same time (in the case of a large number of teams in the age group, it is possible to divide the teams into subgroups), lining up as teams.

Ø Competitions are held in stages.

1st stage:

· simple control - 5 sec.

· control eight - 5 sec.

· figure-eight conductor - 10 sec.

· symmetrical grasping - 5 sec.

· direct (two controls) - 15 sec.

· bowline – 15 sec.

· oncoming - 10 sec.

· double conductor - 10 sec.

· grapevine - 10 sec.

· Austrian (middle, “bee”) conductor - 10 sec.

2nd stage : All team members tie a knot named by the judge (the time for tying the knot is determined by the judge).

At subsequent stages, the conditions for tying knots are tightened until the winner is determined.

Note:

1. Each participant who passes the stage brings the team a point.

2. The team result is formed from the sum of the participants’ results.

3. In case of any mistake (overlapping, incorrectly tied knot) or tying knots after the “stop” command, the participant is eliminated from subsequent participation in the competition.

4. Additional knots that are not included in the list of the 1st stage: double bowline, stirrup, grapevine-noose, counter, headsheet, counter eight, double guide-eight, Bachmann grasper, Austrian grasper, bayonet.

5. Knots should not have twisted strands (the pictures must correspond to the pictures of the knots on the website (file “knots-forum” and on the stand for knots).

6. All knots, except the counter, counter eight, grapevine, figure eight, double conductor, Austrian conductor, double bowline, grapevine choke, must have control knots.

7. All knots tied, incl. control ones must have a free end exit of at least 50 mm.

4. Local history and environmental competition. To participate in the local history and environmental competition, you will need knowledge of the nature of Karelia, history, ethnography, geography and the main attractions of Karelia. No special preparation is required to participate in competitions.

5. Evening program. 09/23 – presentation of your team, 09/24 – “Our journey” (in any form: presentation, speech, video, etc.)

6. Personal and team orienteering competitions at a distance of your choice .

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø Competitions are held by age groups. The younger age group covers a shorter distance.

Ø Marking at all control points (CP) with an electronic “chip”.

Ø Additional information on the length of the distance and the number of control points will be provided the day before at a meeting of team representatives.

Ø Based on the results of 6 team members (time to complete the distance and taken control points), the overall team result is summed up. First, places are distributed among teams that have completed the entire distance, then - as the points taken decrease.

Ø It is mandatory to have compasses per team - at least 6 pieces. (1 compass for each participant).

Hiking technique (team competition)

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø Teams start according to the schedule approved the night before (by drawing lots) at a meeting of team representatives.

Ø All participants complete the distance wearing safety systems.

Ø 5 minutes are allocated for the preparation of the team before the start (including putting on and adjusting the safety systems), after which the team is given the start on " Technical distance of your choice."

Possible steps:

· The course diagram is posted 1 hour before the start of the competition.

· The distance of choice is covered without losing self-belay.

· The participant’s task is to receive marks on the participant’s card (Appendix – 3) at control points (CP) located at various technical stages and between stages, without losing self-insurance. There can be up to 10-12 checkpoints.

· Individual stages can be connected by a traverse.

· There may be several options for passing. Start at the judge's command from any support (marked with signal tape).

· Distance diagram (option → Appendix – 4).

· At the same time, the entire team (6 people), who managed to put on safety systems at the preliminary stage, completes the distance.

· A participant who commits a penalty (loss of self-belay) while completing a stage will have one CP deducted.

· The participant’s result is assessed only by the puncher marks on the participant’s card (if the participant was near the checkpoint, but did not make a puncher mark on the card, it is considered that the participant was not at this checkpoint.

· Carabiners are not coupled at a distance.

· Control time for working at a distance is 5 minutes.

· For a team that does not hand over at least one piece of equipment given at the start (belay system, carabiners) after completing the distance, the result of completing the technical distance will not be counted.

Tourist relay race.

Ø Team composition – 6 people.

Ø Competitions are held by age groups.

Ø Three teams start simultaneously along three lines of the distance with stages:

ü 1st stage(2 participants) - conducting a participant on a short "mustache"(two participants of the first stage, fastened with a mustache by a safety system, go through the skinner stage, demonstrating the ability to control the passage of personal equipment through narrow and inconvenient sections of the route);

ü 2nd stage(2 participants) - canopy crossing(two participants of the second stage start in tandem and go through the stage accompanied by the participant);

Tourism and recreation

Techniques and tactics of movement on a hike. Overcoming obstacles Tourism techniques are the rules and techniques of movement and overcoming natural obstacles encountered along the route. Proper organization of the group’s movement ensures the rhythm of the body’s work, the dosage of physical activity, and clarity in the group’s actions, which in general has a positive effect on the safety of the route. If you put boys in front, they may set the pace too high.

8. Techniques and tactics of movement on a hike. Overcoming obstacles

Tourism technology is the rules and techniques of movement and overcoming natural obstacles encountered along the route. Proper organization of the group’s movement ensures the rhythm of the body’s work, the dosage of physical activity, and clarity in the group’s actions, which, in general, has a positive effect on the safety of the route. It is determined by the terrain, the presence and nature of difficult areas, and the presence of weakened participants.

When planning a route, you need to take into account the norms for crossing with cargo, as well as approximate and very conditional norms of weight loads for young tourists. These norms are conditional because they do not fit well with the realities of life: the lists of tourist equipment recommended in various reference books (personal plus group plus products) in terms of the actual weight of the items often in total far exceed these norms of weight loads. Experience working with children of primary school age shows that if a child of 9-10 years old has a backpack that weighs no more than 5 kg, then such a load will not tire him. With daily physical exercise, mainly morning exercises, as well as sports games, boys and girls can easily walk through rough terrain up to 8 km at a speed of no more than 3 km/h. Every 25-30 minutes of walking they need a rest (rest) for 10-15 minutes.

For teenagers, tested norms of loads during hiking and traveling have been established. So, children 11-12 years old can easily tolerate treks of up to 12 km per day. The weight of their backpack should not exceed 8 kg. Teenagers 13-14 years old can travel up to 15 km per day. The weight of their backpack can reach 12 kg. Older teenagers (15-16 years old) can walk up to 20 km on some days of multi-day trips. The weight of their backpack can reach 15 kg for girls and 18 kg for boys.

In general, we must remember that the weight of a backpack is a very individual load. After all, the guys are very different in build, physical development, and character. And you also need to understand that any weight on your shoulders is always an undesirable phenomenon. No wonder the guys say: “Our backpack is our friend and enemy.” Therefore, there is no need to look for optimal weight standards for backpacks; it is better to find ways to reduce their weight.

After all, we don’t want to set records in carrying weights! It is necessary to set completely different records: with a full set of everything necessary, to achieve a minimum weight of equipment.

There are guys who are capable of carrying significantly more weight, but there are teenagers for whom the standard weight is too high. At first, they need to reduce the load due to the weight of the backpack and, if possible, by traveling the route more slowly.

Group construction order

The most convenient way for a group to move is in a chain - a column one at a time. On the streets of the city, along the roads, you can walk in pairs so that the group does not stretch too much, but everyone must know exactly their place in the column. The formation of a group is an indicator of its organization, and also has a practical meaning: firstly, on difficult sections and paths, moving in a crowd is inconvenient and unsafe; secondly, it is much more difficult to determine at one time or another whether everything is in place in a crowd; thirdly, it is easier for each participant to notice shortcomings in the movement of the person in front if he constantly follows the same person.

The physical strength and endurance of the participants in a hike are never equal; there are always a few people who feel that the group is going slowly, and they rush forward. Their demands have a depressing effect on those who are already tired, have sore feet or feel unwell. In a children's group, mutual discontent often arises between both. If you let the guys go as they please and can, they will split into groups, spread out over several hundred meters, and the tourist group will become unmanageable. It’s not far from an accident, the loss of a participant.

You should immediately determine the order of formation of the column: in front, within sight, is the duty conductor and the commander. There is no need to get close to them; they can make stops for orientation. Girls follow them, then boys. The column follows the girls' pace. If you put boys in front, they may set the pace too fast. But at the same time, the leader must ensure that the girls’ pace does not drop to a snail’s pace, because girls are capable of this. Most often this happens due to conversations among themselves.

It is advisable to exclude unnecessary conversations along the route. By talking, children imperceptibly lose their breath, get tired faster, become tired.

appear scattered. As a result, the child may stumble Not notice a branch at face level and get injured.

At the end of the column comes the last one - the most experienced and powerful participant, whose task is to prevent the group from breaking apart. He must be last all the time. If someone needs to stop (for example, someone’s backpack strap has come off and he needs to repair it), the leader decides whether to stop the whole group or stop together. He must inform the group leader about this. And only he makes a decision and, if necessary, stops the group.

The leader and his deputy determine their place depending on the situation: if the orientation conditions are difficult, one of them goes at the head of the column with a guide; during normal movement of the group they are in the middle of the column; when overcoming natural obstacles - ahead. For some time, the leader can go with the leader, since he is often offended that he goes last. By the way, walking at the end of the column, the leader sees all the children. One rule is strictly followed: when approaching an obstacle, the group stops, the leader inspects (evaluates) the obstacle and gives the command to go around or pass.

Organization and mode of movement

The most convenient time to travel along the route is the first half of the day from 8 to 12 hours. At this time in the summer it is not yet hot and not difficult to walk. Usually, the time for a lunch break is set 3-4 hours after setting out on the route. You can also focus on the weather conditions: if your travel schedule allows, it is better to wait out the midday heat at a rest stop, and from 16 to 19 hours, when the heat has already subsided, continue moving.

Sample daily routine
6.00 - rise of duty officers.

7.00-7.45 - general rise of the group, exercise, cleaning the area,

aleth. 7.45 - 9.00 - preparation for departure, breakfast. 9.00 - 12.00 - movement along the route, excursions, local history

Job. 12.00-16.00 - large lunch break, afternoon rest. 16.00-18.00 - movement along the route, excursions. 18.00 - 20.00 - choosing and preparing a place to stay for the night, dinner.

20.00-22.30 - free time, putting things in order
notes, clarification of the plan for tomorrow, conversations and songs
campfire.
22.30 - 23.00 - evening dress.
23.00 - lights out.

About 10-15 minutes after leaving the place of a long halt (overnight, lunch), you need to take a short rest to adjust your backpacks and take off too warm clothes. Perhaps someone did not have time to run to the toilet while getting ready in the morning...

Then 15-minute rests are arranged every 45 minutes of movement. A certain time of movement is not a dogma, but a guideline. If a little earlier or a little later (better earlier, because later is unknown when) a convenient place to stop appears on the route (a beautiful clearing, a fallen tree on which you can sit; or there is a large open space ahead where it is inconvenient to stop), then it is better make a stop. This will not have any negative impact on the organization of the movement.

Thus, in the morning hours the group will make 3-4 transitions, in the evening - 2-3. If excursions are planned, walking time will be reduced.

Depending on terrain conditions and weather, the group covers 3-3.5 km per trip (45 minutes) at the rate of 13-15 minutes per kilometer. The speed decreases sharply on steep or long climbs, on sand, rocks, in a swamp, in dense undergrowth, and on taiga rubble. In these conditions, the speed can be reduced to 1.5 km/h. This must be taken into account when planning your travel schedule.

3-5 minutes before the planned rest stops, the pace of the group’s movement should be gradually reduced. After a halt, you need to start moving at a low pace for 2-3 minutes, gradually increasing it to the optimal one.

The interval between those walking is approximately an arm's length, so that in case of a sudden stop you do not bump your nose into the backpack of the person in front. The guide walks at his calm, even pace and must maintain this pace.

Who keeps track of the time along the route? Who gives commands to stop? It is better to entrust this to the conductor on duty. It is possible - to the commander. They will keep track of running time in their notebooks and give commands for halts.

The rhythm of movement is the main means of preserving strength. On a good road it is expressed in constant speed, without jerks and

stops On descents the speed increases, on ascents it decreases. It is necessary to avoid prolonged movement on very hard surfaces - stone, concrete and asphalt roads, otherwise abrasions and sore feet will appear.

The hiker's step should be calm, free, natural, with the body slightly tilted forward to balance the weight of the backpack. The feet, slightly turned to the right and left, are placed from the heel to the toe. The supporting leg is not fully extended, which creates a springy and smooth ride. Hands must be free of any objects (everything is in the backpack). You can only have an alpenstock in your hands.

There will inevitably be streams, rivers, and springs along the route. Even those who are not thirsty are involuntarily drawn to water. Thirst on the route can arise for objective reasons - heat, overcoming climbs, and subjective reasons - excess clothing, an unreasonably high pace of movement. It is better to eliminate subjective reasons than to use all available sources of water. After all, excess water is the loss of salts from the body that come out through sweat. In addition, cold water and a body warmed up by walking are incompatible.

Obstacles on the route

Formally, indicators of the complexity of young tourists’ trips are their duration and length. But the number of days and kilometers without taking into account the set of natural obstacles on the route does not fully reveal the sporting properties of the route. One kilometer along a well-established clean path is not at all equal to one kilometer through sand, mud, rocks or dense thickets.

All natural obstaclescan be divided into five main groups associated with certain natural factors:

Group 1 - terrain-related obstacles. These are more or less steep ascents and descents along the slopes of ravines, cliffs of hills, hills, mountains (characterized by vertical angles in degrees); this is the greater or shorter duration of such ascents and descents, their smoothness or, conversely, sharpness.

Group 2 - obstacles associated with the hydraulic network. These are crossings over rivers, ditches, streams, channels; These are swamps, wetlands, areas flooded with water.

3rd group - obstacles associated with vegetation: forest, bush thickets, rubble (windbreaks, windfalls),

Group 4 - obstacles caused by the nature of the supporting structure and various natural obstacles. And here the question arises, what is better: to avoid encounters with difficulties and obstacles or, conversely, to seek such encounters? Contrary to the comic tourist law: “The smart one will not climb the mountain” - all tourists climb the mountains. This means that for some reason they need it, for some reason they like it. But the expression: “We are going on an easy hike” is complete nonsense, because the hike cannot and should not be easy, because then it will be uninteresting, meaningless and will change its name to something else - “walk”. Overcoming various difficulties is the meaning of tourism; it contributes to physical and spiritual growth and development.

However, it is necessary to take into account the level of preparedness of children, their strengths and capabilities. If there is a difficult obstacle on the route that the group is not ready to overcome and does not have the appropriate experience, then, if possible, the obstacle must be bypassed.

Overcoming natural obstacles requires the mobilization of group forces, organization, and mutual assistance. The leader must remember that overcoming an obstacle (steep descent, ascent, etc.) is an important educational moment. It is no coincidence that one of the laws of young tourists says: “Help a friend and you will feel better.” The first to pass the obstacle wait for the whole group to overcome it, provide all possible assistance - support, give a hand or an alpenstock. Mutual assistance can also be expressed in unloading (completely freeing oneself from the load) of a sick, weaker comrade when climbing a steep wet slope, etc. Children should be taught not to rush into an obstacle (luggage, blockage, climb, etc.), but to stop and wait for the leader’s command.

Driving through heavily forested areas.When driving through the forest, you need to use passing country roads, clearings, paths, and clearings. It is much easier to walk along a path, even a barely noticeable one, than directly - along the azimuth. In addition, the path, as a rule, goes around obstacles or crosses them in a convenient place.

When moving through dense undergrowth, you should hold the branches and move them with your hand not in a horizontal plane (in the direction of your own movement), but in a vertical one, bending the branch under your thigh so that they do not whip the face of the person walking behind. To protect yourself from branches and twigs, it is better to move in a windbreaker. A cap with a large thick visor will protect your eyes. Group members must walk at intervals of 3- 5 meters, allowing you not to lose sight of each other.

Those walking ahead should warn by voice about dangerous places: holes, protruding tree roots, logs lying across the path, slippery places.

If possible, avoid stepping on fallen trees. Firstly, you can slip, and secondly, by stepping on a tree and falling from it to the ground, we do unnecessary work and waste our energy uselessly. It is better to go around or step over fallen trees, without stopping the group and, most importantly, without losing momentum. You can only walk along the trunk of a fallen tree if it lies in a wetland or across a stream. For climbing and crawling, it is advisable to choose clean, branch-free areas of the trunks. Here, active mutual assistance is needed: support when climbing the trunk, safety nets when descending, and, if necessary, separate transportation of backpacks over a log or dragging them under it.

You need to walk even more carefully through the forest thicket if there is a need to move in azimuth. In such areas, special attention should be paid to clothing and equipment - for example, tent pegs protruding from the pockets of a backpack can lead to injury.

Overgrown deep ravines, gullies, often littered with windbreaks, stones, with streams flowing along their bottom, must be overcome, choosing the most gentle slopes.

It is quite difficult to move in the tundra zone and mid-mountain areas, through thickets of elfin wood - a shrub spreading along the ground with hard branches and a powerful root system. It can be quite low, and sometimes reaches a height higher than human height (for example, rhododendron). When entering such thickets, you should outline the direction of movement in advance and stick to it. In this case, clothes should cover all parts of the body; it is better to tuck the trousers under the socks (you can prepare special “flashlights” for this to protect the legs and trousers). You should act in the same way when moving through dwarf vegetation.

Movement in the taigahas its own characteristics. There are much fewer paths and, especially, roads here than in the forest; much more rubble and windfall. This complicates and slows down movement. In addition, orientation on the route becomes more difficult. When moving, you should try to choose freer places, avoiding the rubble. If this is not possible, then we must overcome them carefully, helping each other.

Overcoming steep slopes.Climbing uphill - silently. Wait for comrades, help each other. It is more convenient to climb steep slopes obliquely. If the climb is long - serpentine (either left or right side towards the slope). When lifting, it is recommended to place your foot on the entire sole, and not on the toe.

Driving on the highway.If it is not possible to avoid traffic on the highway, you must walk in a strict line along the left side of the road, facing traffic.

Driving through wetlands.Severely swampy areas should be avoided, because... overcoming them requires significant physical and psychological effort. In cases of urgent need, they are overcome after careful questioning of local residents.

Swamps are divided into lowland, raised and hanging swamps. The former are formed in floodplains of rivers, when water bodies become overgrown, and are fed mainly by groundwater. Riding (moss) are more common on watersheds and feed on precipitation. “Hanging” swamps are more often found in the mountains, on slopes. They are formed by the release of springs and precipitation.

Swamps are classified according to their passability into passable, impassable and impassable. The first of them are covered with thick grass mixed with sedge. Difficult swamps are covered with moss, among which water is visible, cotton grass grass, dense bushes of willow, alder, and birch grow. The most dangerous swamp is an overgrown body of water, the surface of which is covered with bright green grass. It is practically impassable and will have to be bypassed.

You must walk through the swamp strictly in the footsteps of the scouts, placing your foot smoothly, without jerking. It is safer to lay the path along hummocks, near bushes and tree trunks.

For insurance when moving through a swamp, tourists must always keep a pole ready, holding it in a horizontal position, and loosen the straps of their backpacks. Anyone who has fallen into a quagmire must quickly pull the pole towards him and lie down on it with his chest. If a tourist is not able to rise himself, then he should not make sudden and convulsive movements, so as not to further tear the raft. You can't lose your composure. Help for someone who has failed should be provided quickly, without fuss and very carefully. First, you need to pollute the area around it with poles and branches. Then carefully approach the victim, help him remove the backpack and get out.

Hollows (holes 50 cm deep or more) are more convenient to pass along poles that are sequentially laid in the direction of the bottom. As they are released, the closing one passes them forward. You should walk along the slippery road carefully, leaning on a pole if possible.

If reconnaissance has established that there is solid ground under the layer of water, then you can move forward, one after the other, following the leader. In any case, the movement must be carried out smoothly, self-belaying with a pole is mandatory. When moving through a swamp, you need to constantly monitor the direction of movement and mark your path with poles. This marking may be useful for returning if further advancement through Olot turns out to be impossible.

You need to wear shoes and clothes to go through the swamp. Trousers should be tucked into socks or shoes so that they do not cling or interfere with walking. The contents of the backpack should be as moisture-proof as possible.

We must remember that in the off-season and in winter the swamps freeze unevenly. When passing them at this time of year, you must also be very attentive and careful.

Movement in the mountains. In the mountains, even moving along the valley, tourists are almost constantly on the slope, making an ascent or descent. This requires certain movement skills. When climbing the path, bend your leg at the knee and place your entire foot on the ground. For better grip of the soles with the ground, the socks are turned slightly outward. If possible, it is better to step over small stones lying on the path; if not, then step carefully, without straightening your leg completely so as not to raise your center of gravity (so as not to do useless work).

On gentle descents, the leg is placed, almost without bending, first on the heel, then on the entire foot. At the same time, the body is tilted back a little. On steep slopes they walk on bent legs, with short steps, placing their foot on the entire foot. On very steep slopes you have to place your foot across the slope, focusing on the welt of the boot.

Energy consumption when moving on slopes is much greater than on the plain. Added to this is nervous tension and lack of oxygen in the air. Therefore, the pace of movement in the mountains is lower; rest stops must be organized more often, focusing on the condition of the weakest members of the group. On steep slopes, make frequent and short stops (1-2 minutes) to rest and restore your breathing rhythm. In this case, there is no need to sit down, they rest standing, turning their back to the slope, leaning on the alpenstock.

When driving on grassy slopesdangers arise, primarily associated with weak adhesion of the sole to the support covered with grass (especially if it is wet). When climbing a grassy slope, place your entire foot on the ground to increase the grip of the sole on the grass. As the steepness of the slope increases, the toes of the feet turn out more and more (herringbone rise). When descending, place your entire foot on the ground, legs slightly bent. When going up and down, you should try to use every firmly lying stone, pothole, or bump as a step, placing your foot horizontally on them.

When traversing a slope (moving across it), the foot of the inner leg towards the slope is placed with the entire foot across the slope and slightly up it, the foot of the outer leg - with the entire sole, turning the toe down the slope the more strongly, the steeper the slope. When changing the direction of traversing (“serpentine”), you need to take a step forward with your outer leg, placing it slightly up the slope, then turn your inner leg at an angle to the first one slightly up the slope so that your feet are in a “herringbone” position, as when climbing. Then you need to place your feet as if crossing a slope and move in the opposite direction.

A group should climb up the slope in a trail, with an interval of approximately 1.5 m. On slopes with a steepness of 25-30°, they ascend and descend in short zigzags, “serpentine”, located as close to each other as possible. At the same time, the leader must ensure that

so that those walking ahead do not

stood on the next section of the serpentine above those walking behind (when descending - vice versa) in order to avoid stones falling from under the feet of those higher up the slope (Fig. 24). The guide must choose a path along potholes and animal paths, located one above the other.

Rice. 24. Movement "serpentine"

When moving, self-belaying with an alpenstock or ice ax is necessary. With the hand closest to the slope, the shaft of the alpenstock is covered from above in

20-25 cm from the bayonet, with the other hand - at the upper end, covering the shaft with the palm up. The pin of the alpenstock is directed towards the slope above the foot support points (Fig. 25). If a tourist slips or stumbles, he should group himself slightly and rest his bayonet against the slope, creating an additional, third point of support for himself. When falling, you must quickly, without letting go of the alpenstock, lower your hands lower along the shaft (but do not bring them together) and press the bayonet firmly into the ground to stop sliding down (Fig. 26). If you fall on your side or back, you must try to roll over onto your stomach, while spreading your legs, preventing rotation of the body and additionally braking with the toes of your shoes.

On steep slopes, the rule of two points of support must be observed. The alpenstock is moved at the moment when both legs are on the support. The leg is transferred when there is support on the other leg, and the pin of the alpenstock rests on the slope.

Constant adherence to the two-point rule must be observed on steep slopes, slippery ground and grass. At the same time, when changing the direction of movement on the serpentine, the position of the hands also changes. You should not tilt your body towards the slope when moving, this only reduces stability.

Movement on screeis associated with the danger of rockfalls and falling when leaning on unstable stones. It is easier and safer to move along a scree made of compacted small or, even better, large stones (old scree). A sign of such scree is the darker surface of the stones, similar in color to the surrounding rocks, and lichens growing on such stones. Your foot should be placed on the stone closer to the slope so as not to disturb its stability. Reliance on the alpenstock is unacceptable here.

When climbing small scree, the leg must first be deepened into the scree until the sand (crushed stones, small stones) stops sliding, and only then the body weight must be transferred to it. The alpenstock is used as a cane. When descending small scree, you need to step in small steps, sometimes as if marking time and sliding down along with the scree “pillows” that form under your feet.

You should walk very carefully on loose, medium-sized “living” scree stones so as not to cause a rockfall. Near the cliffs, the stones are usually stronger, but the likelihood of rockfalls from the cliffs increases. When moving along a serpentine road, you should strictly ensure that one participant does not end up on top of the other. Each section of the zigzag must be passed through by the whole group, only after that can the direction be changed. If it is impossible to pass the scree obliquely or serpentinely, the group rises (or descends) straight up. In this case, the group should move in a tight formation, without breaks. With this formation, even if someone catches a stone and it flies down, it will not have time to gain high speed and knock down the participant.

Movement on snowfields.Slopes covered with snow are not uncommon for mountains. Some passes that tourists use while walking the route may be covered in snow; Often tourists have to cross the snow fields of glaciers.

Snowy slopes are fraught with the danger of avalanches. Therefore, when preparing to overcome a snowy slope, the group leader must objectively assess the state of the snow cover in order to develop tactics for passing this section. The possibility of avalanches in dangerous areas increases as the sun warms the snow. Therefore, it is preferable to go through such areas early in the morning.

On the other hand, if there is no danger of avalanches in the area, then it is better to walk along it when it is slightly warmed up by the sun. At the same time, the snow becomes softer, making it easier to cut steps. Supervisor

The group that takes children out into the snow must themselves have sufficient experience in negotiating snowy slopes.

On a snowy slope, it is necessary to use an alpenstock or an ice ax. On hard snow and firn, ice ledges, you must have boots with special soles - triconi and crampons. The rules for using an alpenstock (ice ax) are the same as on a grassy slope. Just keep in mind that sliding on snow is much faster than on grass. Therefore, in case of a fall, you need to act quickly, without panic.

The choice of route depends on the condition of the snow cover, the presence of an avalanche danger, the steepness of the slope, etc. They climb straight up the gentle slope in a herringbone pattern, cutting out the steps with the inner welt of the boot. On a steeper slope that does not threaten an avalanche, you can climb in a zigzag manner, knocking out steps one parallel to the other. In this case, you need to use an alpenstock or keep it at the ready (Fig. 27).

When climbing head-on on steep sections of small snowy slopes, the steps are knocked out with the toes of boots, resting on the " 0 _ _

^ „ _ Rice. 27. Climbing in the snow

alpenstock, sticking it in front of you. You can move the alpenstock to a new support point only by firmly standing with both feet on the steps.

On a non-steep slope, you need to go down with your back to it, taking small steps and pressing the snow with your heels. In dense snow, knock out the steps with your heels. The alpenstock is held at the side, with the bayonet facing backwards. On a steep descent, they move facing the slope, knock out the steps with their toes, sticking an alpenstock in front of them, as on an ascent.

On slopes that are not steep and not prone to avalanches, you can descend with sliding steps, holding the alpenstock at the ready. You can glide with your legs slightly apart, like on skis, leaning on the alpenstock from behind - “planing”. In this case, you need to choose non-hazardous areas, without cracks and rocks sticking out of the snow.

Overcoming water obstacles

Lowland and mountain rivers are very different in character. The flow speed of lowland rivers is low, and the depth and width are sometimes quite significant. The banks are often swampy. Mountain rivers have a much higher flow speed, but less depth. They are already flat, the shores are rocky.

Rivers are dangerous obstacles to overcome on your own, and if possible it is better to look for a bridge or treasure. If the luggage does not have a railing and is unstable, then one of the experienced tourists crosses it first. He checks the crossing and organizes insurance for the passage of other participants using his hand or pole. You can wade across shallow and narrow streams and rivers, where the water level is just above your ankle, and the crossing is carried out in shoes. After the stream has been passed, the water is poured out of the shoes and dry socks are put on.

It is advisable to ford the river and make a crossing only in case of emergency or for training purposes. However, young tourists should know how to cross. In addition, crossings as spectacular technical stages are included in tourism competition programs. It should be recalled once again:All trekking participants must be able to swim.

There are many ways to cross. The choice depends on the nature of the river and the level of training of the participants in the hike. The group leader determines the most convenient place for organizing the crossing, conducts reconnaissance and then decides how the crossing will be carried out.

Fording is the most common method. For the crossing, a section of the river with the smallest depth and flow speed is selected. The depth should not exceed 1.2 meters, the current speed should not exceed 3 m/sec. On mountain rivers, areas are selected where the main channel of the river is divided into several narrower and shallow branches. If stones protrude from the water, you need to mark a path below these stones relative to the flow of the river. Although the water there foams, it seems faster, but due to the turbulent flows that have arisen, there is less pressure on the legs and it is easier to walk.

You should not try to get to the other side by jumping from stone to stone. You can slip on a wet stone and fall into the water. Stones are used only when it is possible to step from one to another without jumping, while leaning on a pole. The pole is placed above the line of movement relative to the river flow. When crossing a ford, one at a time must be used for self-strengthening

hove the alpenstock, placing it higher than you along the river flow and leaning on it (Fig. 28). If this is difficult, you can cross in groups of several people in a line. In this case, the strongest participant is placed upstream. It will bear the main water pressure (Fig. 29).

If the water hazard is not too wide, you can try to lay a log across it or knock down a tree growing on the bank across the river. After this, the first participant on the belay moves (crawls) to the other bank and secures the railing there.

The most complex methods of organizing a crossing, which are used mainly in tourist competitions, are crossing on a rope with railings and canopy crossing. Establishing such crossings is a labor-intensive process and feasible only for well-prepared groups. For more information, see the chapter “Tourist rallies and competitions.”

Features of technique and tactics in a ski trip

The daily routine on a ski trip depends on the length of daylight. You should set out on the route no earlier than 8-9 am (when it gets lighter). It is necessary to reduce short 15-minute breaks. Stop the group's movement at dusk.

When moving, the group should not stretch too much. The interval between walkers is 2-3 meters. In the forest, in dense thickets, the interval should be reduced.

The pace of movement should be smooth, not running, to avoid severe overheating and then sudden cooling of the body. On the finished ski track, the pace is determined by the weakest (youngest) skier.

When moving on virgin snow, the pace of the group is determined by the speed of the track. The order of movement remains the same, in a chain, but now the trail walkers will go ahead of the group’s guides, who will lay the ski track in the direction indicated by the guides to a given visible landmark. Tropilytsik should be changed every 5-10 minutes. With a significant thickness of snow cover - every 1-2 minutes. The person who has worked on the trail is the first in the chain to step aside, let the group through and stand at the end of the chain. Then the second one works, and so on. If it is difficult to trail a ski track, weak children should be relieved of this work or, so that it would not be so offensive for them, their tracking time should be reduced. However, you should not entrust the tracking to a few of the strongest guys, even if they really want to show their strength and endurance. First, save their strength. Secondly, be careful. Don't forget - in winter, a hot, sweaty person is highly susceptible to colds.

Path of movement. It is very tempting to take a shorter route - straight through frozen swamps and ponds. This can be dangerous, so it is better to use the passing ski track or sled road. If there are no ski tracks or roads, you can move along clearings and open forests. Remember that it is easier to walk in shallower snow. In the forest, you don’t need to drive close to the trees - you can fall into the loose snow near the trunk.

Descents. The order of movement on the descent must ensure safety and take into account the capabilities of each participant. Before the descent begins, the leader determines the group’s path and the order of descent. On the descent, it is necessary to increase the interval between participants (at least 15 m) to avoid collisions. If the descent is steep and dangerous, the next member of the group should not begin until the previous one has reached the end of the descent.

When descending, a half-squat is performed: the legs stand on full feet; knees slightly moved forward; arms are freely lowered; The sticks are located at the back so that in case of a fall you do not get injured.

From steep, steep, forested slopes you need to go down in zigzags, at an angle to the direction of descent. If for some of the participants the descent seems very steep, you can go down the “ladder”.

Going down a mountain in a group is a very important educational moment. After all, there are probably experienced skiers in the group for whom any hill is “nonsense.” There are also weak guys, “incompetents.” It is necessary to organize mutual assistance, create such a microclimate in

group, in order to avoid ridicule, focus on the fact that during the hike they do not rush on the descent, but overcome it safely, which implies the most “modest” methods - “ladder”, “zigzag” or even on foot, without skis.

Overcoming obstacles.If possible, it is better to bypass them. If necessary, step over a ditch, fallen trees, or a small stream sideways, placing the skis parallel to the obstacle.

Overcoming bodies of water.Particular care should be taken when crossing large bodies of water - places for recreational fishing. There may be a large number of snow-covered holes slightly covered with ice. When crossing an untrustworthy body of water (if it cannot be bypassed in any way), you must move at intervals of 5-8 meters. By hitting the ice with sticks, periodically determine its reliability for the group’s advancement. When moving on ice, it is necessary to free your hands from the lanyards of your ski poles, unfasten the ski fastenings, and carry your backpack on one shoulder so that if you fall through the ice, you can quickly free yourself from them.

To avoid getting on thin ice, the path must be laid away from places where streams and rivers flow into (or flow out) into the reservoir. The place where you descend onto the ice requires careful reconnaissance.

You need to master skiing technique before going on a training trip, under the guidance of a trainer. For simple hikes, it is enough to know how to ski and master the basic methods of turning, braking, and falling correctly. However, the backpack has a great influence on skiing technique, especially when falling. When a fall is inevitable, you need to squat deeply and fall on your side.

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