The Kansko-Achinsk coal basin is the black heart of Eastern Siberia. Kansko-Achinsk lignite basin Kansko-Achinsk basin conclusion
The Kansk-Achinsk Fuel and Energy Complex (KATEK) is located in Eastern Siberia, its length is 800 km, and covers several regions - Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk Territory. At the moment, 24 brown coal deposits have been explored, the most economically significant are the following:
According to experts, the resources of this deposit account for about 80% of all brown coal reserves in Russia. - Berezovskoe;
- Borodinskoe;
- Itatskoe;
- Urupskoe;
- Abanskoe;
- Nazarovskoe;
- Barandatskoe;
- Bogotolskoe;
- Sayano-Partizanskoe.
The basin of the coal-bearing strata consists of alternating Jurassic sediments, which are composed of conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones, gravelites and coal masses. The coal seam here is quite large, the depth sometimes reaches 800 meters. The basin is characterized by denser rocks and wide areas of coal-bearing rocks, especially its southeastern part, where the maximum thickness of the layers is observed.
According to experts, the resources of this deposit amount to 414.2 billion tons, which is about 80% of all brown coal reserves in Russia.
However, recently the main deposits of KATEK have been mothballed, open zones have been filled with rock to prevent its oxidation. Only two deposits remain in active development - Berezovskoye and Borodinskoye, the thickness of the layers here reaches 90 meters, and the location is convenient for using the open-pit mining method, which is cheaper compared to the mine method.
Method of extraction and quality of coal in the Kansk-Achinsk basin
Brown coal is mined in the Kansk-Achinsk complex; another deposit of this mineral has been explored in Russia - the Kuznetsk basin. But Kansko-Achinsk coal has a number of advantages.
Coal mining is carried out using special machines It is low-ash, the ash content does not exceed 12%, and Kuznetsk coals contain up to 30% ash - this makes them of lower quality. Brown coal from the Kan complex contains a low level of sulfur - up to 0.8% and has a fairly high yield of volatile substances - up to 50%, which gives it an advantage over hard coal. However, brown rock contains a large percentage of moisture - from 20 to 44%, which makes its transportation and storage difficult.
The Kansk-Achinsk coal basin is characterized by a high concentration of refractory calcium oxide in the coal-bearing rock (up to 42%) - this creates additional problems in the process of liquid slag removal. But, at the same time, it makes mining cleaner in environmental terms - during the combustion of coal, phosphorus and sulfur dioxide are formed, which easily settle in electric precipitators and do not enter the atmosphere. Thanks to this, acid rain does not fall in the area where brown coal is extracted and processed.
The coal-bearing rock mined at KATEK is prone to spontaneous combustion, which greatly complicates long-distance transportation and long-term storage.
The big advantage of this deposit is the low cost of coal; the basin is distinguished by a convenient geological location of the layers, which allows the use of an open pit mining method, which is several times cheaper than the mine method. The coal-bearing rock is shallow and has fairly thick layers, which makes mining quick, easy and reduces waste.
In addition, the coal basin has several deposits of non-metallic minerals on the surface, mainly building materials - this helps to combine production activities, and also reduces the cost of extracting building materials.
Coal. Modern coal mining!
Main consumers of brown coal
Brown coal, due to its chemical and physical characteristics, is unsuitable for transportation and long-term storage. Therefore, its main consumers are located near the field, these include mainly thermal power plants in Eastern Siberia:
Brown coal is widely used in the chemical industry and beyond. - Khakass power grid;
- Krasnoyarsk Thermal Power Plant;
- Irkutsk Thermal Power Plant;
- Nazarovo State District Power Plant;
- Berezovskaya GRES.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory and areas adjacent to the coal basin are characterized by a large number of scattered villages and small towns in which coal is the main boiler fuel. The delivery of raw materials to end consumers is carried out by the largest enterprise in the region - Siberian Coal and Energy Company OJSC, followed by Krasnoyarskkraigol OJSC in second place.
Raw materials are delivered to other regions of the country via the Trans-Siberian Railway, along which the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin stretches. Brown coal is widely used in the chemical industry - when processed, liquid fuel, explosives, dyes, and fertilizers for agricultural needs are obtained from it.
Prospects for the development of coal mining in the Kansk-Achinsk basin
KATEK is quite promising, since at the moment only two fields are being actively developed, while the rest have been explored and mothballed. Currently, active development of the new Berezovskoye-2 deposit is underway; it is distinguished by its convenient location and shallow rock occurrence.
The primary task of the coal mining industry is the need to introduce an effective method of enriching mined coals directly on site, this will make it possible to transport raw materials over long distances, for example, to the North Caucasus, the Volga region, and Transbaikalia.
Thanks to the use of modern processing equipment, it is possible to produce synthetic liquid fuels, the demand for which is rapidly growing. In the near future, it is planned to modernize the machine complex; the introduction of more modern mining installations will significantly reduce the negative impact on the ecology of the region. According to expert estimates, the volume of discovered resources allows the extraction of up to one billion tons of coal annually.
Environmental impact
Main pollutants of coal mining enterprises Coal mining is accompanied by environmental pollution - water, air, landscape and soil composition changes. Since the main method of extracting raw materials in KATEK is quarrying, the main problem is dust pollution of the atmosphere. Emission levels can reach up to 1.8 kg per second. The dust scatters for several kilometers and settles on the ground and vegetation, completely destroying forests and destroying fertile soil layers.
The Kansk-Achinsk coal basin has a dust load of within 700 tons per km, although maximum levels of 2000 tons per km have been recorded. These are disastrous indicators for the ecology of the region.
In addition to dust, the process of burning brown coal has a negative impact on the environment. As a result, toxic and poisonous substances enter the atmosphere, water bodies are polluted with wastewater, and waste is generated that cannot be processed, but simply accumulates in the form of mounds.
Another environmental problem is the depletion of mineral deposits. To solve this problem, a set of measures is required aimed at finding artificial substitutes for coal, as well as the development and implementation of more effective methods of enriching raw materials that will reduce natural losses.
Video: Open pit coal mining
1. Located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and partly in the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The basin extends in the latitudinal direction, along the Trans-Siberian railway for 800 km; area 50 thousand km 2.
2. Main deposits: Berezovskoye, Uryupskoye, Itatskoye, Barandatskoye, Nazarovskoye, Bogotolskoye, Irsha-Borodinskoye, Abanskoye, Sayano-Partizanskoye.
3. The swimming pool has the most significant reserves thermal brown coal mined by open pit mining. Explored coal reserves are 81.4 billion tons, preliminary estimated - 34.2 billion tons, of which 80.1 and 33.9 are brown coal, respectively, and hard coal (grades D and G) are 1.3 and 0.3. Brown coal reserves suitable for open-pit mining: explored - 79.2, preliminary estimated - 32.8 (1984); predicted coal resources to a depth of 600 m are estimated at 523 billion tons (260 billion tons). Coal production in the basin in 2006 exceeded 40 million tons per year, the largest coal mining enterprise is the largest coal mine in Russia, Borodinsky - 20 million tons per year. The large ones also include the Berezovsky, Nazarovsky, Pereyaslovsky and Kansky open-pit mines. Taking into account favorable natural conditions that provide the possibility of large-scale, highly efficient open-pit coal mining, a large fuel and energy complex is being created on the basis of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin. The identified resources ensure the development of coal mining in the basin up to 1 billion tons/year. In the future, it is planned to use coal to obtain liquid fuel, thermal coal, and chemical raw materials from them. In addition to coal, the basin area contains deposits of non-metallic minerals, mainly building materials.
4. Characteristics of coal
The coals of most deposits are mainly brown and belong to group 2B, the coals of the Balakhtinskoye and Pereyaslovskoye deposits belong to group 3B. Coals of the Sayano-Partizanskoe deposit, groups D and G. Ash content of brown coals is 6 - 12%, average moisture content is 35%, density is about 1.5 t/m³, calorific value is 2,800-3,800 kcal/kg, total sulfur content is 0. 3-1.0%. The ash is dominated by CaO in concentrations of 25-61%, the concentrations of toxic and radioactive trace elements are insignificant.
5. Coal is mined open-pit way. The shallow occurrence of coal seams and the large thickness of the main seam over vast areas make it possible to develop deposits using the open-pit method.
6. Environmental impact
Coal mining in the basin has a negative impact on the state of the air and water environment, landscapes, and land resources. The air environment is subject to dust pollution from mining equipment and cut surfaces. Dust emissions from these fugitive sources of emissions vary between 0.8-1.8 kg/sec. Dust falls on the periphery of the cuts, polluting the soil and vegetation. Dust loss leads to an increase in the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr and Cu in soils
7. Development and application Coal is used mainly locally to generate electricity in the Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia power systems, as well as to generate heat at combined heat and power plants (CHPs) in the region. A significant amount of coal is also supplied to the thermal power plants of the Irkutsk energy system. The largest consumers of Kansk-Achinsk coal are thermal power plants in the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Achinsk, Kansk, Minusinsk, as well as Nazarovskaya State District Power Plant, Krasnoyarsk State District Power Plant-2 and Berezovskaya State District Power Plant. In addition, in small towns and villages coal is used as boiler fuel. Every year, about 1.2 million tons of ash and slag waste are generated due to coal combustion in the region. The largest coal mines in the basin at the Berezovskoye, Borodino and Nazarovskoye deposits are operated by the Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK). The second largest in terms of annual production is Krasnoyarskrayugol OJSC, which operates open-pit mines at the Abanskoye, Balakhtinskoye, Irbeiskoye, Kozulskoye, and Pereyaslovskoye fields. Of particular importance to the basin is the Trans-Siberian railway, which crosses it along the part stretching from east to west, along which coal is transported both to the west of the country (Ryazan State District Power Plant) and to the Far East. Industrial centers are the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Borodino, Kansk, Nazarovo and Sharypovo.
GOU VPO
All-Russian Correspondence Financial and Economic Institute
Faculty of Accounting and Statistics
Department of Regional Economics and Management
Test
Discipline: Economic Geography
Topic No. 4: “Economic and geographical characteristics
Kansk-Achinsk coal basin"
Teacher: Belokon R.F.
Serpukhov 2005
Introduction........................................................ ................................................... 3pp.
1.Location of coal deposits...............................................4p.
2.Kansko-Achinsky basin................................................. .................... 5pp.
Conclusion. Development problems........................................................ ...... 8pp.
Bibliography............................................... ..... 12 pages
Introduction
The development and distribution of productive forces and human life activity largely depend on the natural geographic environment, which represents the totality of natural conditions and resources.
The presence of natural resources, their quantity, quality and combination determine the natural resource potential of the territory, and are the main condition for the location of productive forces in a given territory. With the development of large sources of natural resources, large industrial centers arise, economic complexes and economic regions are formed. The natural resource potential of a region influences its market specialization and place in the territorial division of labor. Location, production conditions and the nature of the use of natural resources influence the content and pace of regional development.
The initial basis of the economy of any industrial society is natural resources.
Russia has a powerful and diverse natural resource potential that can provide the necessary volumes of its own consumption and exports. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of reserves of most natural resources, including reserves of natural gas, coal, iron ores, a number of non-ferrous and rare metals, as well as reserves of land, water and forest resources.
1.Location of coal deposits
The Russian Federation, having large coal reserves, is a traditional supplier of coal to the world market. This industry is one of the most important sectors of the fuel industry. As an energy fuel, coal is used to produce electricity, for transport, and for home heating. Coal also serves as a raw material for the chemical industry (production of artificial fiber, plastics). A large amount of special types of coal is used to produce coke, necessary for ferrous metallurgy.
Russia ranks third in the world in terms of proven coal reserves (182 billion tons), behind the United States (445 billion tons) and China (272 billion tons). Its territory contains 30% of the world's coal reserves. There are hard and brown coals. They are distinguished by high calorific value, quality characteristics, conditions of occurrence, extraction and use. Of the explored reserves, 49% are hard coals, of which 42% are coking and anthracite coals. Coking coals and anthracites are of high quality. Hard coking coals are used as process fuel in the ferrous metallurgy, while anthracite coals serve as energy fuels and raw materials for the chemical industry. Brown coals are low-quality energy fuel.
Russia ranks first in the world in terms of proven coal reserves. The best quality coals are found in the Kuznetsk and Pechora basins. Coal resources are distributed unevenly throughout Russia. Over 93% of all coal reserves are located in the eastern regions of the country, and its main consumers are in the European part.
An important indicator of the economic assessment of coal basins is the cost of production. It depends on the mining method, which can be mine or quarry (open), the structure and thickness of the seam, the capacity of the quarry, the quality of the coal, the presence of a consumer or the transportation distance. The lowest cost of coal mining is in Eastern Siberia, the highest in the regions of the European North.
The main coal basins in the country are:
· Kuznetsky
· Pechora
· Kansko-Achinsky
· South Yakutsk
2. Kansko-Achinsk lignite basin
Eastern Siberia is the second largest economic region of Russia after the Far East.
One of the predominant sectors of the region's market specialization is the coal industry. In the East Siberian region, geological reserves of coal reach 3.7 trillion. tons, which is more than half of Russia's coal resources and twice the coal resources of the United States. The most studied and developed are the Kansk-Achinsk, Minusinsk and Irkutsk basins.
The Kansk-Achinsk basin is located in the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. RSFSR. The basin stretches along the Trans-Siberian Railway (from Itat station in the west to Taishet station in the east) for a distance of about 800 km. Width from 50 to 250 km. The area of the open part of the basin is about 45 thousand km 2. The Yenisei divides the Kansk-Achinsk basin. into two parts: the western, formerly called the Chulym-Yenisei basin, and the eastern, previously known as the Kansky basin. The total geological reserves of coal are 601 billion, including 140 billion tons suitable for open-pit mining.
The first ideas about coal content were obtained in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. during geological research along the route of the Siberian railway under construction. highways. The development of coal in the basin began in 1904. at the Irshinskoye field; massive development of the basin - since 1939. The main deposits: Berezovskoye, Barandatskoye, Itatskoye, Bogotolskoye, Nazarovskoye, Irsha-Borodinskoye, Abanskoye, Sayano-Partizanskoye. The coal-bearing strata of the Kansk-Achinsk basin is composed of Jurassic sediments of the continental type, representing an alternation of sandstones, conglomerates, gravelites, siltstones, mudstones and coal seams. In its predominant part it has the features of a typical platform basin with horizontal occurrence of weakly lithified rocks with a total thickness of about 200-400 m; in the southeastern part, the thickness of the coal-bearing strata increases to 700-800 m; here it is composed of denser rocks and has a folded occurrence. In places, the Jurassic is unconformably overlain by unproductive sediments of Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene age. The coal content of industrial significance is confined to two sedimentation cycles of different ages - Lower Jurassic and Middle Jurassic. In the basin, up to 20 working seams of coal with a total thickness of 120 m are known. The main industrial significance is the Moshchny seam located in the upper horizon of the Middle Jurassic sediments, the thickness of which varies from a few tens of meters to 80 m. The composition of the coals is humic with rare interlayers of sapropel-humus composition, according to the degree of coalification - brown (B1 and B2), with the exception of the Sayano-Partizanskoe deposit, where they are classified as stone (grade G); The thickness of the layers in this field is 1-1.5 m, the occurrence conditions are complex.
Brown coal quality indicators:
· ash content 7-14%,
· sulfur 0.2-0.8%;
· yield of volatile substances 46-49%;
· calorific value of working fuel 11.7-15.7 MJ/kg (2800-3750 kcal/kg),
· combustible mass 27.2-28.2 MJ/kg (6500-6750 kcal/kg);
in the air they crack and after 12-14 days they turn into fines.
Quality indicators of hard coals:
· ash content 10%,
· yield of volatile substances 48%;
· calorific value of working fuel 26.1 MJ/kg (6220 kcal/kg),
·combustible mass 33.6 MJ/kg (8030 kcal/kg).
The pool coals have a relatively low ash content and calorific value (2.8-4.6 thousand kcal). But coals contain a significant amount of moisture (up to 48%), which leads to their rapid oxidation, and also have the ability to spontaneously ignite. This makes them unsuitable for long-term storage and long-distance transportation. The thickness of the seams ranges from 14 to 70 m, and in some areas reaches 100 m. The coal seams are located horizontally and close to the surface. The basin has favorable mining and geological development conditions, which ensures their low cost.
The coals from the pool are also suitable as raw materials for the chemical industry. The shallow occurrence of coal seams and the large thickness of the main seam of Moshchny over vast areas make it possible to develop deposits using the open-pit method. In 1970, 18 million tons of coal were mined. The explored Berezovskoye deposit, which has large coal reserves, is very promising. In addition to coal, the basin area contains deposits of non-metallic minerals, mainly building materials.
It is economically profitable to use Kansk-Achinsk coal as fuel in power plants, which should be built near coal mining, and transmit the resulting electricity. They can also be used to produce liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks. Large thermal power plants are being built on their basis, and the Kansk-Achinsk territorial production complex is being created.
In the future, it is possible to significantly increase the capacity of the Berezovsky open-pit mine and build a large new open-pit mine Borodinsky-2. The basin has excellent technical and economic indicators of coal mining: it has the lowest cost and the highest labor productivity in the industry. Using coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin, one of the largest in the country is Nazarovskaya GRES, Berezovskaya GRES-1. The continued concentration of such large thermal power plants in a small area could have serious environmental consequences. Therefore, new energy technology methods for using coal from the Kansk-Achinsk basin are being developed. First of all, this is coal enrichment, which makes it possible to transport high-calorie fuel to other regions of the country: in Transbaikalia, in the east of Western Siberia, in the North Caucasus and in the Volga region. The task is to develop and implement a new technology for producing liquid synthetic fuel from the coals of the basin.
In recent years, the following has happened:
· Exceeding plans for the increase in reserves and forecast coal resources in the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin;
· Completion of exploration with approval by TKZ of reserves of brown coal of industrial categories at the Taininsky site of the Kanskoye deposit (41.4 million tons)
· Publication of the geological and industrial atlas of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin;
· Publication of the monographs “Kansk-Achinsk Coal Basin” and “Coal Basins and Deposits of Eastern Siberia” (vol. III, “Coal Base of Russia”);
Conclusion.
Problems of development in the conditions of transition to the market.
The current situation in the coal industry of the Russian Federation is deeply in crisis. The volume of coal production is decreasing every year. Since 1988 To date, production has decreased from 391 to 345 million tons. The main reasons for the decline in coal production are the deterioration of the state of the mine stock, the unresolved social problems of miners, and very high transportation tariffs for the transportation of coal by rail.
In the Kansk-Achinsk basin, coal is mined by the most productive and cheapest method - open-pit, i.e. in sections (quarries). In Russia, more than 60% of all coal is mined this way.
Coal bases are of great regional importance. They attract the following industries: thermal power engineering, chemical industry and other energy-intensive industries. The coal industry and related industries are characterized by massive cargo flows, which causes significant transport construction and the creation of infrastructure elements.
In the conditions of the emergence of the market, the problems of coal industry enterprises are closely related to the socio-economic problems of coal-mining regions and are characterized by the neglected state of the social sphere of many mining towns and villages, the need to provide employment and social support for laid-off workers.
The bulk of coal in Russia is mined by open-pit mining, while open-pit mining is growing. Already, it accounts for more than 40% of total production. Currently, coal production is more than 250 million tons. in year. In the future, it will decrease, primarily in European regions. In the Kansk-Achinsk basin, a slight increase in coal production is expected due to open-pit mining.
An important indicator of the economic assessment of coal basins is the cost of production. It depends on the mining method, the structure and thickness of the seam, the capacity of the quarry, the quality of the coal, the presence of a consumer and the transportation distance. The coal basins of the eastern regions of Russia are ahead of the European part in terms of technical and economic indicators, which is explained by the method of coal mining in these coal basins.
Meanwhile, the share of coal in the country's fuel and energy balance is sharply declining (from 66.1% in 1950 to 20.9% in 1990), although the absolute volumes of coal production grew until 1989. Already by this time, signs of impending degradation of the industry began to be visible. Miners' labor productivity lost its previous growth rate and then began to fall. Capital productivity was continuously declining and the industry's need for capital investments, the sources of which were increasingly narrowing, was growing. Almost half of the mines required reconstruction, but there were not enough funds for it, and the industry’s fixed assets were deteriorating morally and physically.
Over the past three decades, not a single fundamentally new technology for performing mining processes has been created. Throughout its Soviet history, the coal industry was driven by extremely distorted economic indicators. The system of state-set prices was a veritable pavilion of distorting mirrors. Prices were sharply reduced, and half of the mines always operated at a loss, but were kept afloat by government subsidies. In the early 90s, coal prices were released and rapidly jumped up. And then it turned out that the transition to a market system requires long-term preparation, and this applies not only to the coal industry, but to all consumers.
In the context of the transition to the market, the importance of restructuring the coal industry, which is aimed at transforming the production and organizational structures of the coal industry, is increasing. The main conditions for its implementation are:
· Formation of competitive coal companies
· Ensuring social protection of industry workers
· Consistent decrease in state support for industry enterprises
· Socio-economic, environmental recovery and ensuring social stability in coal-mining regions
The choice of an effective strategy for the further development of the Russian coal industry is closely related to the directions, pace and effectiveness of the socio-economic transformations being carried out in the country. There are the following strategies for the development of the mineral resources sector of the economy.
· Search strategy for exploration and industrial development of new coal deposits. This strategy places its main emphasis on the discovery and development of new deposits and requires priority investment in geological exploration. It can be effective for scarce types of mineral raw materials, but the situation with Russia’s supply of coal reserves is exactly the opposite: the country is fully provided with identified resources, but the discovery of new ones is unlikely.
· A strategy for simply maintaining and maximizing the use of previously created capacity potential. This strategy is applicable if there is no increase in demand for this raw material. It gives effect due to more complete use of the existing potential.
· A strategy for large-scale new mine construction while maintaining the previously introduced mine stock. This is the most conservative, but long-dominant strategy in the mining industries. It was this that led to the disastrous state of most of the Russian coal industry enterprises. Following it in the future would be very ineffective due to high capital intensity, the continuing uncompensated complication of mining and geological conditions and obsolescence of technologies.
· Strategy for technological re-equipment of existing industry enterprises. It is based on the idea of large-scale modernization and bringing all enterprises to the modern scientific and technical level. There is no doubt that global technical re-equipment has a major effect, but it is unlikely to be feasible in the near future, since it requires large investments. There are no real sources for its practical implementation. However, in the future, after the adoption of legislative acts giving investors certain guarantees at the government level, and if the political situation in the country stabilizes, the situation may change dramatically.
· Strategy for the development of export supplies. This strategy is aimed at increasing the competitiveness of domestic coal on the world market. In the current conditions this is hardly feasible. The main deposits of high-quality coal are too far from seaports. Domestic producers have difficulty meeting global coal quality standards. Markets have long been occupied by sea supplies of high-quality coals from the USA, Australia, and South Africa. Under current conditions, Russian enterprises could become competitive only with extremely low levels of wages and transport tariffs, “free” ecology, etc.
· Strategy for ensuring the “economic security of the country.” Such judgments appeared relatively recently, but are being heard more and more often. The ideology embedded in it is essentially the opposite of the market one: it is the ideology of the “enemy encirclement” and the “Iron Curtain”. In principle, it does not reflect either the current international situation or economic realities.
· Strategy for creating resource-saving technologies. Compared to the previous ones, it looks the most revolutionary and breakthrough. Instead of investing in the coal industry, priority funding is expected for technologies for its economical use by consumers. The ways to reduce these needs are very diverse: the efficient use of raw materials during their further processing, the creation of effective substitutes, the utilization of man-made resources accumulated in dumps, integrated development of deposits, and closed-cycle technologies. Experience shows that in addition to the direct economic effect, the strategy contributes to the existing improvement of the natural environment.
· Transformation of the industry management system. Transformation of forms of ownership. Liquidation of unprofitable and unpromising enterprises.
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) of the Russian Federation is the basis of the country's economy, ensuring the vital activity of all sectors of the economy, the consolidation of the country's regions into a single economic space, and the formation of a significant part of budget revenues and foreign exchange earnings. Ultimately, the country’s balance of payments, the maintenance of the ruble exchange rate and the degree of reduction in Russia’s debt burden depend on the results of the fuel and energy complex. The fuel and energy complex is an important link in the chain of transformations associated with the transition to a market economy.
The uninterrupted operation of the fuel and energy complex is one of the key factors of national economic security, the dynamic development of Russia's foreign economic relations and integration processes within the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Bibliography.
1. Geology of coal and oil shale deposits of the USSR, vol. 8, M., 1964.
A. K. Matveev.
2. Economic geography of Russia T.G. Morozova-M..: Unity-dana, 2001
3.Regional economy T.G. Morozova- M.: Unity, 1995
4.Economic geography and regional studies S.S. Shishov-M.: Finstatinform, 1998
5.Geographical atlas: Population and economy of Russia - “Dick”, 2005
Siberian Railway d. (from Itat station on the W. to Tayshet station on the E.) for about 700 km. Width from 50 to 250 km. the open part of the pool is about 45 thousand. km2. The Yenisei divides K.-A. u. b. into two parts: the western, formerly called the Chulym-Yenisei basin, and the eastern, previously known as. Total geological coals 601 billion. T(according to estimates 1968, to a depth of 600 m), including 140 billion suitable for open-pit mining. T.
The first ideas about coal content were obtained in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. during geological research along the route of the Siberian railway under construction. highways. coal mining in the basin began in 1904 at the Irshinskoye deposit; massive development of the basin - since 1939. The main fields: Berezovskoye, Barandatskoye, Itatskoye, Bogotolskoye, Nazarovskoye, Irsha-Borodinskoye, Abanskoye, Sayano-Partizanskoye. Carboniferous K.-A. u. b. composed of Jurassic sediments of the continental type, representing an alternation of sandstones, conglomerates, gravelites, siltstones, mudstones and coal seams. In its predominant part it has the features of a typical platform basin with horizontal occurrence of weakly lithified rocks with a total thickness of about 200-400 m; in the southeastern part the thickness of the coal-bearing strata increases to 700-800 m; here it is composed of denser rocks and has a folded occurrence. In places, the Jurassic is unconformably overlain by unproductive sediments of Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene age. The coal content of industrial significance is confined to two sedimentation cycles of different ages - Lower Jurassic and Middle Jurassic. There are up to 20 working coal seams in the basin with a total thickness of 120 m. The main industrial layer lies in the upper horizon of Middle Jurassic sediments, which varies from the first tens m up to 80 m. The coals are humus in composition with rare interlayers of sapropel-humus composition, and in terms of the degree of coalification - (B1 and B2), with the exception of the Sayano-Partizanskoye deposit, where they are classified as stone (G); the thickness of the layers in this field is 1-1.5 m, the conditions are difficult. Coal quality indicators: moisture content 21-44%, ash content 7-14%, sulfur 0.2-0.8%; yield of volatile substances 46-49%; heating value of working fuel 11.7-15.7 MJ/kg (2800-3750 kcal/kg), combustible mass 27.2-28.2 MJ/kg (6500-6750 kcal/kg); in the air they crack and 12-14 days turn into trifle. In coals, moisture is 5.6%, ash content is 10%, sulfur content is 1.2%; volatile substances 48%; working fuel combustion 26.1 MJ/kg (6220 kcal/kg), combustible mass 33.6 MJ/kg (8030 kcal/kg). The pools are also suitable as raw materials for the chemical industry. The shallow occurrence of coal and the large thickness of the main seam of Moschnoye over vast areas allow open-pit mining. In 1970, 18 million were mined. T coal Promising is the explored Berezovskoye, which has large coal reserves. In addition to coal, the basin area contains deposits of non-metallic minerals, mainly building materials.
Lit.: Geology of coal and oil shale deposits of the USSR, vol. 8, M., 1964.
A. K. Matveev.
Kansk-Achinsk basin- a coal basin located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and partly in the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions.
History of study and development
The very first information about the coal content of the region was published in the second half of the 18th century. P. S. Pallas. The first coal mining enterprise, the Irshinsky mines, was opened in 1903. Since 1918, coal mining was carried out by several artels, producing several tens of thousands of tons of coal per year.
In 1934, the Badalyk mine (25-30 thousand tons/year) was built in the Krasnoyarsk region; in 1935, the Irshinskaya mine (200 thousand tons/year) was launched at the Irshinskoye deposit. Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, several mines were put into operation, which together produced 400-460 thousand tons of coal per year. After the war, construction of large coal mines began. In 1949, the Irsha-Borodinsky open-pit mine was commissioned (now the largest in Russia - Borodinsky), and in 1953, the Nazarovsky open-pit mine. In 1975, the Berezovsky open-pit mine was founded. In addition to them, over the past 20 years, several small open-pit mines have been built in the basin, of which Pereyaslovsky and Kansky are included in the category of large ones. The maximum coal production in the basin was recorded in 1991 - 56 million tons. The knowledge of coal reserves in the basin makes it possible to mine here over 1 billion tons per year. Such opportunities for extracting large quantities of coal were ensured by many years of hard work of large teams of geological prospectors from the Krasnoyarskgeologiya, Zapsibgeologiya and Soyuzuglegeologiya associations, who discovered and calculated the reserves of coal resources. A particularly large contribution to the study of the basin was made by coal mining geologists A.V. Aksarin, V.S. Bykadorov, K.V. Gavrilin, V.V. Kosarev, K.L. Kokhanchik, L.V. Labunsky, G.G. Pozdnyakov, N. P. Pavlenko, N. I. Rubanov, E. Z Savchenko, V. I. Yatsuk and others.
History of the name
In 1930-1932, numerous coal-bearing areas were identified west of the Yenisei, prof. M.K. Korovin united the Chulym-Yenisei basin under the name. During these same years, he named the coal-bearing areas east of the Yenisei the Kansky coal basin. Subsequently, the geological and genetic unity of these coal-bearing structures was revealed, and in 1939 they began to be considered a single Kansk-Achinsk basin. Apparently, for the first time the name “Kansk-Achinsk Basin” appeared in an article by V.I. Yavorsky, G.Ya. Zhitomirov in No. 12 of the journal “Subsoil Exploration” in 1939.
Characteristics
This Central Siberian basin has the most significant reserves of thermal brown coal mined by open-pit mining. Coal production in the basin in 2012 exceeded 42 million tons per year, the largest coal mining enterprise is the largest coal mine in Russia "Borodinsky", its average productivity over the last decade is 19.4 million tons/year, maximum production is 24.7 million tons /year was achieved in 2008. In the last decade (by 2012), the large open-pit mines also include Berezovsky (on average for the decade - 6 million tons/year), Nazarovsky (4.3 million tons/year) and Pereyaslovsky (4 million tons/year). year). Until 2008, the category of large ones included the Kansky open-pit mine, which produced up to 3.9 million tons/year (2006). Since 2009, production at this open-pit mine was reduced and in 2012 it amounted to only 350 thousand tons/year. The productivity of open-pit mines does not depend on mining and geological conditions and the technical capacity of enterprises. It is mainly determined by market conditions and the economic policies of their owners.
Total coal reserves calculated for 1979 amount to 638 billion tons, of which 142.9 billion tons are suitable for open-pit mining. Balance reserves based on the sum of categories A+B+C1 are equal to 72 billion tons or 38% of all-Russian coal reserves. Below are the stocks in the same categories. The thickness of the working seams is from 15 to 100 m. The coal content is associated with Jurassic deposits, in which 50 coal seams have been identified, including the unique seams “Moshchny” (15-40 m), “Berezovsky” (up to 90 m) and several other, less thick ones (1.3-7 meters) layers.
Within the basin, about 30 coal deposits and seven coal-bearing areas are known. The largest deposits suitable for open-pit mining are:
- Abanskoye (Abansky district), balance reserves 16.8 billion tons.
- Barandatskoye (Tisulsky district of the Kemerovo region), balance reserves 11.2 billion tons.
- Berezovskoye (Open pit Berezovsky-1) (Sharypovsky district), balance reserves 16.6 billion tons.
- Bogotolskoye (Bogotolsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), balance reserves 3.6 billion tons.
- Borodinskoye (Open pit Borodinsky) (Rybinsk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), balance reserves 3.1 billion tons.
- Itatskoye (Tyazhinsky district of the Kemerovo region), balance reserves 13.1 billion tons.
- Uryupskoe (Tisulsky district of the Kemerovo region and Sharypovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), balance reserves of 3.9 billion tons.
- Nazarovskoye (Nazarovsky district), balance reserves 1.9 billion tons.
- Sayano-Partizanskoe (Rybinsk and Sayan districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), balance reserves of 1.3 billion tons of hard coal.
Characteristics of coal
The coals of most deposits are mainly brown and belong to group 2B, the coals of the Balakhtinskoye and Pereyaslovskoye deposits belong to group 3B. Coals of the Sayano-Partizanskoe deposit, groups D and G. Ash content of brown coals is 6 - 12%, average moisture content is 35%, density is about 1.5 t/m³, calorific value is 2,800-3,800 kcal/kg, total sulfur content is 0. 3-1.0%. The ash is dominated by CaO in concentrations of 25-61%, the concentrations of toxic and radioactive trace elements are insignificant.
Environmental impact
Coal mining in the basin has a negative impact on the state of the air and water environment, landscapes, and land resources. The air environment is subject to dust pollution from mining equipment and cut surfaces. Dust emissions from these fugitive sources of emissions vary between 0.8-1.8 kg/sec. Dust falls on the periphery of the cuts, polluting the soil and vegetation. Dust loss leads to an increase in the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr and Cu in soils, and the latter also pollutes cultivated cereals. The average dust load on the landscape varies from 200 to 700 t/km² per year, the maximum reaches 2,000 t/km² per year. Specific land capacity ranges from 2 to 7 hectares/million. tons of coal, which usually disrupts the fertile layer of chernozem. The dimensions of the quarry excavations reach 30 km². Overburden rocks are not toxic to plants and are capable of self-overgrowth. As a result of draining the sections, a large amount of groundwater is pumped out from the subsurface. Specific water removal in large open-pit mines is 0.2-0.6 m³/t of coal, in small open-pit mines it is much higher - 1.5-30 m³/t. Total water removal of drainage water from coal mines in the basin in the 1980−1990s. slightly exceeded 60 thousand m³/day. In 2003-2012, it was estimated at 60-90 thousand m³/day. The mineralization of drainage water usually does not exceed 1 g/l (maximum - 1.5 g/l); the main pollutants include suspended solids, petroleum products, barium, titanium, and manganese. A large number of environmental problems are also associated with burning trees.
Development and Application
It is used mainly on site to generate electricity in the Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia energy systems, as well as to generate heat at combined heat and power plants (CHP) in the region. A significant amount of coal is also supplied to the thermal power plants of the Irkutsk energy system.
The largest consumers of Kansko-Achinsk coal are the thermal power plants of the cities of Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Achinsk, Kansk, Minusinsk, as well as Nazarovskaya GRES, Krasnoyarsk GRES-2 and Berezovskaya GRES. In addition, in small towns and villages coal is used as boiler fuel. Every year, about 1.2 million tons of ash and slag waste are generated due to coal combustion in the region. The largest coal mines in the basin at the Berezovskoye, Borodino and Nazarovskoye deposits are operated by OJSC Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK). The second largest in terms of annual production is OJSC Krasnoyarskrayugol, which operates open-pit mines at the Abanskoye, Balakhtinskoye, Irbeiskoye, Kozulskoye, Pereyaslovskoye and Sayano-Partizanskoye fields. Of particular importance to the basin is the part that crosses it along the part elongated from east to west.
